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<p>The discharge of untreated industrial wastewater containing trace elements poses significant public health threats. Thus, this study aimed to assess the concentration, removal efficiency, and associated health risks of seven trace elements (Cr, Cd, Pb, Cu, Co, Ni, and Hg) in wastewater from three industries (oil refinery, edible rice, and sugar industry) in Gazipur, Bangladesh. Wastewater samples were collected from both the inlet and the outlet of the effluent treatment plants. The mean concentrations of trace elements in inlet wastewater ranged from 0.18–0.34, 0.07–0.08, 0.18–0.42, 0.21–0.50, below detection limit, 0.45–1.11, and 3.51–7.97&#xa0;mg L<sup>−1</sup> for Cr, Cd, Pb, Cu, Co, Ni, and Hg, respectively. After treatment, these concentrations decreased to 0.05–0.10, BDL–0.03, 0.10–0.36, 0.07–0.21, BDL, 0.13–0.41, and 1.53–5.28&#xa0;mg L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. However, Hg concentrations remained high, particularly in the sugar industry. The evaluation of effluent treatment plants effectiveness in removing trace elements from industrial wastewater revealed efficient removal of Cu (<i>r</i> = -0.56, <i>p</i> = 0.02) and Ni (<i>r</i> = -0.57, <i>p</i> = 0.01), while removal of other elements was not statistically significant (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). Both deterministic and Monte Carlo simulation-based probabilistic risk assessments showed that non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from trace elements in inlet and outlet wastewater remained well below the critical thresholds of “hazard index &lt; 1” and “total carcinogenic risks &lt; 1.0E-06” for both children and adults. These findings may provide useful insights for improving industrial wastewater management and protecting public health in Bangladesh.</p>

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Trace elements in industrial wastewater: assessment of ETP efficiency and health risks using deterministic and probabilistic methods

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月22日

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  • N. H. Rupa,
  • M. Ismail,
  • M. T. Rahman,
  • N. Sultana,
  • F. Afrose,
  • H. R. Shuvo,
  • M. Moniruzzaman

摘要

The discharge of untreated industrial wastewater containing trace elements poses significant public health threats. Thus, this study aimed to assess the concentration, removal efficiency, and associated health risks of seven trace elements (Cr, Cd, Pb, Cu, Co, Ni, and Hg) in wastewater from three industries (oil refinery, edible rice, and sugar industry) in Gazipur, Bangladesh. Wastewater samples were collected from both the inlet and the outlet of the effluent treatment plants. The mean concentrations of trace elements in inlet wastewater ranged from 0.18–0.34, 0.07–0.08, 0.18–0.42, 0.21–0.50, below detection limit, 0.45–1.11, and 3.51–7.97 mg L−1 for Cr, Cd, Pb, Cu, Co, Ni, and Hg, respectively. After treatment, these concentrations decreased to 0.05–0.10, BDL–0.03, 0.10–0.36, 0.07–0.21, BDL, 0.13–0.41, and 1.53–5.28 mg L−1, respectively. However, Hg concentrations remained high, particularly in the sugar industry. The evaluation of effluent treatment plants effectiveness in removing trace elements from industrial wastewater revealed efficient removal of Cu (r = -0.56, p = 0.02) and Ni (r = -0.57, p = 0.01), while removal of other elements was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Both deterministic and Monte Carlo simulation-based probabilistic risk assessments showed that non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from trace elements in inlet and outlet wastewater remained well below the critical thresholds of “hazard index < 1” and “total carcinogenic risks < 1.0E-06” for both children and adults. These findings may provide useful insights for improving industrial wastewater management and protecting public health in Bangladesh.