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<p>The large-scale outbreak of respiratory infectious diseases has heightened concerns about cross-infection risks in public transportation. This study establishes a 3D numerical model of a subway carriage and uses the Euler–Lagrange method to simulate aerosol droplet diffusion, systematically analyzing the effects of release position, initial velocity, and particle size. Results show that droplets released from the carriage center exhibit wider diffusion and longer suspension times than those near ventilation outlets, while airflow near return air vents significantly enhances droplet removal. Higher initial velocities increase lateral dispersion and surface deposition risk. Within 15s, 99.9% of droplets by number from breathing and coughing, and 41.7% from sneezing, are removed via the return air vent. Small droplets (10, 50&#xa0;μm) evaporate quickly and are almost entirely expelled within 9s, while larger droplets (100&#xa0;μm) primarily settle due to gravity. Droplet distribution and displacement are influenced by initial release conditions, with central and high-velocity releases resulting in greater spread. The proportion of droplets suspended in the standing breathing zone is higher than in the seated zone, suggesting lower exposure risk for seated passengers. This model and its findings offer important references for infection risk assessment and the optimization of public transportation design.</p>

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Numerical study of aerosol dispersion characteristics of droplets in subway carriage under different release conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • Y. Liu,
  • H. Liu,
  • K. Chen,
  • X. Lai,
  • H. Zhong,
  • S. Wei,
  • C. S. Park,
  • Y. Zhang,
  • X. Cai

摘要

The large-scale outbreak of respiratory infectious diseases has heightened concerns about cross-infection risks in public transportation. This study establishes a 3D numerical model of a subway carriage and uses the Euler–Lagrange method to simulate aerosol droplet diffusion, systematically analyzing the effects of release position, initial velocity, and particle size. Results show that droplets released from the carriage center exhibit wider diffusion and longer suspension times than those near ventilation outlets, while airflow near return air vents significantly enhances droplet removal. Higher initial velocities increase lateral dispersion and surface deposition risk. Within 15s, 99.9% of droplets by number from breathing and coughing, and 41.7% from sneezing, are removed via the return air vent. Small droplets (10, 50 μm) evaporate quickly and are almost entirely expelled within 9s, while larger droplets (100 μm) primarily settle due to gravity. Droplet distribution and displacement are influenced by initial release conditions, with central and high-velocity releases resulting in greater spread. The proportion of droplets suspended in the standing breathing zone is higher than in the seated zone, suggesting lower exposure risk for seated passengers. This model and its findings offer important references for infection risk assessment and the optimization of public transportation design.