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<p>Environmental pollution from oil exploration remains a persistent challenge in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, yet integrated ecological risk assessments across multiple environmental media remain insufficient. This study investigated the concentrations and ecological risks of lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in surface water, groundwater, soil, food crops, and fish from Ibaa, an oil-impacted community. Samples were collected during wet and dry seasons and analysed using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Heavy metal concentrations varied widely across media: surface water—Pb 0.007–0.140&#xa0;mg/L, As 0.001–0.012&#xa0;mg/L, Cd 0.001–0.007&#xa0;mg/L, Cu 0.015–0.076&#xa0;mg/L, Zn 0.008–0.302&#xa0;mg/L; groundwater—Pb 0.004–0.111&#xa0;mg/L, As 0.001–0.004&#xa0;mg/L, Cd 0.002–0.003&#xa0;mg/L, Cu 0.009–0.072&#xa0;mg/L, Zn 0.005–0.040&#xa0;mg/L; soil—Pb 2.13–4.36&#xa0;mg/kg, As 0.06–2.64&#xa0;mg/kg, Cd 1.26–4.27&#xa0;mg/kg, Cu 5.83–8.31&#xa0;mg/kg, Zn 7.05–9.87&#xa0;mg/kg; food crops—Zn 10.91–82.07&#xa0;mg/kg, Cu 5.10–9.66&#xa0;mg/kg; and fish—Zn 4.35–5.87&#xa0;mg/kg, Cu 2.25–2.78&#xa0;mg/kg. Pollution indices revealed extreme contamination in soils (mCd = 41.34; PLI &gt; 2.5) and elevated anthropogenic enrichment (&gt; 98% for Pb and As). Risk Quotient (RQ) analysis indicated moderate ecological risks in food crops (RQZn &gt; 1). The ecosystem implications include soil microbial disruption, contamination of food and water sources, and potential long-term biodiversity decline. Integrated pollution management, routine biomonitoring, and stricter enforcement of environmental standards in oil-producing regions of the Niger Delta are needed.</p>

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Seasonality and ecological risks of heavy metals in diverse environmental matrices from Niger Delta, Nigeria

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月7日

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  • V. K. Akinpelumi,
  • A. P. Onyena,
  • P. M. Abdulai,
  • C. M. Ossai,
  • O. E. Orisakwe

摘要

Environmental pollution from oil exploration remains a persistent challenge in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, yet integrated ecological risk assessments across multiple environmental media remain insufficient. This study investigated the concentrations and ecological risks of lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in surface water, groundwater, soil, food crops, and fish from Ibaa, an oil-impacted community. Samples were collected during wet and dry seasons and analysed using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Heavy metal concentrations varied widely across media: surface water—Pb 0.007–0.140 mg/L, As 0.001–0.012 mg/L, Cd 0.001–0.007 mg/L, Cu 0.015–0.076 mg/L, Zn 0.008–0.302 mg/L; groundwater—Pb 0.004–0.111 mg/L, As 0.001–0.004 mg/L, Cd 0.002–0.003 mg/L, Cu 0.009–0.072 mg/L, Zn 0.005–0.040 mg/L; soil—Pb 2.13–4.36 mg/kg, As 0.06–2.64 mg/kg, Cd 1.26–4.27 mg/kg, Cu 5.83–8.31 mg/kg, Zn 7.05–9.87 mg/kg; food crops—Zn 10.91–82.07 mg/kg, Cu 5.10–9.66 mg/kg; and fish—Zn 4.35–5.87 mg/kg, Cu 2.25–2.78 mg/kg. Pollution indices revealed extreme contamination in soils (mCd = 41.34; PLI > 2.5) and elevated anthropogenic enrichment (> 98% for Pb and As). Risk Quotient (RQ) analysis indicated moderate ecological risks in food crops (RQZn > 1). The ecosystem implications include soil microbial disruption, contamination of food and water sources, and potential long-term biodiversity decline. Integrated pollution management, routine biomonitoring, and stricter enforcement of environmental standards in oil-producing regions of the Niger Delta are needed.