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<p>Biochar-based photocatalysts (BCPs) have emerged as a sustainable class of materials capable of addressing persistent water pollutants. This review consolidates recent advances in the design, synthesis, and performance of visible-light-driven BCPs for the degradation of dyes, antibiotics, pesticides, and heavy metals. Emphasis is placed on quantitative performance boundaries, where typical degradation efficiencies exceed 90% within 30–180 minutes under solar or simulated visible light&#xa0;(VL) irradiation. The integration of BC derived from agricultural and industrial wastes with various semiconductors improves charge separation, suppresses recombination, and enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The novelty of this review lies in establishing a mechanistic correlation between BC’s physicochemical properties and the photocatalytic pathways governing pollutant mineralization and microbial disinfection. The discussion highlights emerging multifunctional systems, including heterojunction-based photocatalysts, which combine catalytic efficiency with easy recovery and scalability.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Multifunctional biochar-based photocatalysts: design, performance, and perspectives for water pollutant degradation and disinfection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月22日

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  • A. L. T. Zheng,
  • S. S. O. Al-Edrus,
  • K. B. Tan,
  • S. Boonyuen,
  • E. L. T. Chung,
  • Y. Andou

摘要

Biochar-based photocatalysts (BCPs) have emerged as a sustainable class of materials capable of addressing persistent water pollutants. This review consolidates recent advances in the design, synthesis, and performance of visible-light-driven BCPs for the degradation of dyes, antibiotics, pesticides, and heavy metals. Emphasis is placed on quantitative performance boundaries, where typical degradation efficiencies exceed 90% within 30–180 minutes under solar or simulated visible light (VL) irradiation. The integration of BC derived from agricultural and industrial wastes with various semiconductors improves charge separation, suppresses recombination, and enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The novelty of this review lies in establishing a mechanistic correlation between BC’s physicochemical properties and the photocatalytic pathways governing pollutant mineralization and microbial disinfection. The discussion highlights emerging multifunctional systems, including heterojunction-based photocatalysts, which combine catalytic efficiency with easy recovery and scalability.

Graphical abstract