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<p>The increasing accumulation of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) presents significant environmental and safety challenges due to improper disposal and hazardous material contamination. This study explores a facile, cost-effective, and sustainable approach for synthesizing lithium manganese oxide (LiMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, LMO) from recycled LIBs and evaluates its potential application in wastewater treatment. The synthesized LMO was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, confirming its high phase purity, spinel crystal structure, and suitable surface area for adsorption. The experiments demonstrated that LMO effectively removed 95.1% of methylene blue (MB) and 51.8% of ciprofloxacin (CIP), with rapid adsorption kinetics observed within the first 15&#xa0;min. The adsorption process was influenced by pH, temperature, and co-existing ions, showing optimal MB removal under acidic conditions (pH 3.0–5.0) and lower temperatures (5&#xa0;°C). Adsorption isotherm analysis confirmed a monolayer adsorption mechanism, with the Langmuir model providing the best fit (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.99, q<sub>max</sub> = 12.8&#xa0;mg/g). Reusability and desorption studies revealed that alkaline and ethanol-based regeneration restored over 80% of LMO’s adsorption capacity, but repeated cycles led to a 35% efficiency decline due to structural degradation. These findings suggest that recycled LMO is a promising low-cost adsorbent for organic pollutant removal in wastewater treatment. Future research should focus on enhancing LMO’s adsorption capacity, improving regeneration strategies, and evaluating real-world wastewater applications to advance sustainable material development and environmental protection.</p>

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Facile synthesis of lithium manganese oxide from recycled batteries: a low-cost approach for environmental wastewater treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月23日

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  • H. H. Do,
  • T. N. Quoc,
  • T. N. Vi,
  • T. N. Trieu,
  • M. T. Vu

摘要

The increasing accumulation of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) presents significant environmental and safety challenges due to improper disposal and hazardous material contamination. This study explores a facile, cost-effective, and sustainable approach for synthesizing lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4, LMO) from recycled LIBs and evaluates its potential application in wastewater treatment. The synthesized LMO was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, confirming its high phase purity, spinel crystal structure, and suitable surface area for adsorption. The experiments demonstrated that LMO effectively removed 95.1% of methylene blue (MB) and 51.8% of ciprofloxacin (CIP), with rapid adsorption kinetics observed within the first 15 min. The adsorption process was influenced by pH, temperature, and co-existing ions, showing optimal MB removal under acidic conditions (pH 3.0–5.0) and lower temperatures (5 °C). Adsorption isotherm analysis confirmed a monolayer adsorption mechanism, with the Langmuir model providing the best fit (R2 = 0.99, qmax = 12.8 mg/g). Reusability and desorption studies revealed that alkaline and ethanol-based regeneration restored over 80% of LMO’s adsorption capacity, but repeated cycles led to a 35% efficiency decline due to structural degradation. These findings suggest that recycled LMO is a promising low-cost adsorbent for organic pollutant removal in wastewater treatment. Future research should focus on enhancing LMO’s adsorption capacity, improving regeneration strategies, and evaluating real-world wastewater applications to advance sustainable material development and environmental protection.