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<p>Water pollution caused by heavy metals, dyes, and emerging contaminants continues to pose serious environmental and health threats, especially in regions with limited wastewater treatment infrastructure. In response to these threats, researchers have been actively exploring innovative treatment methods to enhance the efficiency of contaminant removal. Hydroxyapatite (HAp), a calcium phosphate bioceramic, has emerged as a sustainable and efficient bio-adsorbent for water purification. This review explores the potential of valorizing Moroccan sardine solid waste as a rich source of HAp through thermal calcination. It highlights the physicochemical properties of fish-derived HAp, its pollutant removal performance, and key extraction protocols. In addition, recent advances in the integration of artificial intelligence (AI); notably artificial neural networks (ANN) and support vector machines (SVM) models; are discussed as innovative tools for optimizing HAp extraction and adsorption processes. A 5-year economic feasibility analysis is presented, confirming the viability of large-scale HAp production in Morocco. This review first highlights the potential for the valorisation of sardine solid waste into bioceramic materials, such as natural hydroxyapatite, to contribute to economic development, particularly in the Moroccan context. It then emphasises the strong potential of HAp derived from sardine waste as cost-effective bio-adsorbent for removing heavy metals and other water pollutants, aligning with global sustainable development goals (SDGs).</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Sardine solid waste conversion into natural hydroxyapatite for economical and sustainable water treatment aligned with SDGs

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月14日

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  • L. Elmaazouzi,
  • B. Lizoul,
  • S. Tayoub,
  • A. Driouich,
  • I. Lmachraa,
  • Y. Laftani,
  • A. Jaafar,
  • Z. Lakbaibi

摘要

Water pollution caused by heavy metals, dyes, and emerging contaminants continues to pose serious environmental and health threats, especially in regions with limited wastewater treatment infrastructure. In response to these threats, researchers have been actively exploring innovative treatment methods to enhance the efficiency of contaminant removal. Hydroxyapatite (HAp), a calcium phosphate bioceramic, has emerged as a sustainable and efficient bio-adsorbent for water purification. This review explores the potential of valorizing Moroccan sardine solid waste as a rich source of HAp through thermal calcination. It highlights the physicochemical properties of fish-derived HAp, its pollutant removal performance, and key extraction protocols. In addition, recent advances in the integration of artificial intelligence (AI); notably artificial neural networks (ANN) and support vector machines (SVM) models; are discussed as innovative tools for optimizing HAp extraction and adsorption processes. A 5-year economic feasibility analysis is presented, confirming the viability of large-scale HAp production in Morocco. This review first highlights the potential for the valorisation of sardine solid waste into bioceramic materials, such as natural hydroxyapatite, to contribute to economic development, particularly in the Moroccan context. It then emphasises the strong potential of HAp derived from sardine waste as cost-effective bio-adsorbent for removing heavy metals and other water pollutants, aligning with global sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Graphical abstract