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<p>Urban green spaces are traditionally considered the coolest areas within cities. However, Tehran’s rapid urban densification suggests a shift in this thermal dynamic. Despite extensive research on urban heat, it remains uncertain whether long-term land-use changes can reverse the temperature contrast between green and built-up areas. This study presents a framework connecting land-use transitions, cooling-space dynamics, and urban morphology to examine how urban transformation affects surface temperature patterns. The paper evaluates the impact of land-use changes on the cooling capacity of urban green spaces (UGS) and built-up areas. Using Landsat imagery, the study extracted Land Use Land Cover (LULC), Land Use Dynamic Degree (LUDD), Change Intensity Index (CII), UGS_land index, and per capita green space (PCG). Land Surface Temperature (LST) was retrieved using Split-Window and Planck’s function methods. Cooling space modeling incorporated T_cooling, cooling space area, and buffer analyses (100–500&#xa0;m).Findings reveal a thermal paradox: while green spaces were the coolest zones in 2000, by 2020, built-up areas had become cooler. LST in built-up zones decreased by 2.71&#xa0;°C, while green-space LST remained unchanged (+ 0.12&#xa0;°C).T_cooling in built-up areas dropped from + 2.0&#xa0;°C to − 0.80&#xa0;°C, with peak cooling shifting to the 500&#xa0;m buffer zone, indicating cooling redistribution toward denser urban areas.This inversion is attributed to morphology-driven cooling, where increased building height and density reduce the sky-view factor (SVF), enhance shading, and lower surface heat loads more effectively than vegetation. These results suggest that in arid regions, urban forms can outperform green infrastructure. This highlights the importance of integrating urban design with green space strategies.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Assessing land use changes effect on urban green spaces and built-up areas summer cooling capacity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月15日

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  • F. Aghazadeh,
  • A. Rahimi,
  • C. Ioja,
  • M. Tahooni,
  • M. Asadzadeh Akbari,
  • V. Ondrejicka,
  • M. Finka

摘要

Urban green spaces are traditionally considered the coolest areas within cities. However, Tehran’s rapid urban densification suggests a shift in this thermal dynamic. Despite extensive research on urban heat, it remains uncertain whether long-term land-use changes can reverse the temperature contrast between green and built-up areas. This study presents a framework connecting land-use transitions, cooling-space dynamics, and urban morphology to examine how urban transformation affects surface temperature patterns. The paper evaluates the impact of land-use changes on the cooling capacity of urban green spaces (UGS) and built-up areas. Using Landsat imagery, the study extracted Land Use Land Cover (LULC), Land Use Dynamic Degree (LUDD), Change Intensity Index (CII), UGS_land index, and per capita green space (PCG). Land Surface Temperature (LST) was retrieved using Split-Window and Planck’s function methods. Cooling space modeling incorporated T_cooling, cooling space area, and buffer analyses (100–500 m).Findings reveal a thermal paradox: while green spaces were the coolest zones in 2000, by 2020, built-up areas had become cooler. LST in built-up zones decreased by 2.71 °C, while green-space LST remained unchanged (+ 0.12 °C).T_cooling in built-up areas dropped from + 2.0 °C to − 0.80 °C, with peak cooling shifting to the 500 m buffer zone, indicating cooling redistribution toward denser urban areas.This inversion is attributed to morphology-driven cooling, where increased building height and density reduce the sky-view factor (SVF), enhance shading, and lower surface heat loads more effectively than vegetation. These results suggest that in arid regions, urban forms can outperform green infrastructure. This highlights the importance of integrating urban design with green space strategies.

Graphical abstract