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Background <p>Non-exhaust particulate emissions from railway systems are increasingly recognized as a key contributor to indoor air pollution, particularly in underground metro environments. Among these sources, pantograph–catenary contact has received limited experimental attention, despite its potential to generate metallic fine and ultrafine particles that affect passenger exposure and tunnel air quality.</p> Methodology <p>A laboratory-scale pantograph–catenary simulation apparatus was developed to reproduce urban-rail operating conditions under non-electrified settings. Two representative contact-strip materials—metallized carbon and copper-based sintered alloy—were tested at sliding speeds of 20, 30, and 40&#xa0;km&#xa0;h<sup>−1</sup>, corresponding to Seoul Metro operations. Three travel phases (acceleration, constant speed, deceleration) were simulated, and airborne particles were continuously monitored using a Grimm 11-D optical particle counter covering 0.25–35&#xa0;µm across 31 size channels.</p> Results <p>Distinct differences in emission behavior were observed. Copper-based alloys produced higher mass concentrations, whereas metallized carbon emitted significantly greater numbers of ultrafine particles. Particle emissions increased by approximately 60% with rising speed and peaked during deceleration, reflecting transient contact-force fluctuation and frictional instability at the interface.</p> Conclusions <p>Pantograph–catenary interaction constitutes a major non-exhaust particle source even without electrical arcing. Effective mitigation should emphasize operational control—such as speed regulation, contact-force stabilization, and low-emission material design—to reduce airborne particle concentrations in enclosed railway environments.</p>

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Experimental analysis of particle emissions from pantograph–catenary interaction under urban railway operating conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月29日

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  • Jaeseok Heo,
  • Hyeonmin Son,
  • Sangwon Ko,
  • Kyunghoon Kim,
  • Minkyeong Kim,
  • Duckshin Park

摘要

Background

Non-exhaust particulate emissions from railway systems are increasingly recognized as a key contributor to indoor air pollution, particularly in underground metro environments. Among these sources, pantograph–catenary contact has received limited experimental attention, despite its potential to generate metallic fine and ultrafine particles that affect passenger exposure and tunnel air quality.

Methodology

A laboratory-scale pantograph–catenary simulation apparatus was developed to reproduce urban-rail operating conditions under non-electrified settings. Two representative contact-strip materials—metallized carbon and copper-based sintered alloy—were tested at sliding speeds of 20, 30, and 40 km h−1, corresponding to Seoul Metro operations. Three travel phases (acceleration, constant speed, deceleration) were simulated, and airborne particles were continuously monitored using a Grimm 11-D optical particle counter covering 0.25–35 µm across 31 size channels.

Results

Distinct differences in emission behavior were observed. Copper-based alloys produced higher mass concentrations, whereas metallized carbon emitted significantly greater numbers of ultrafine particles. Particle emissions increased by approximately 60% with rising speed and peaked during deceleration, reflecting transient contact-force fluctuation and frictional instability at the interface.

Conclusions

Pantograph–catenary interaction constitutes a major non-exhaust particle source even without electrical arcing. Effective mitigation should emphasize operational control—such as speed regulation, contact-force stabilization, and low-emission material design—to reduce airborne particle concentrations in enclosed railway environments.