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<p>NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (NiFe) and Manganese doped NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (MnNiFe) were synthesized by the modified co-precipitation method. The prepared particles were characterized by various techniques i.e. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-rays Spectroscopy (EDS), X-rays Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–Vis spectroscopy. These characterizations confirmed the formation of homogeneous spinal ferrites. Effect of Mn doping on the dielectric properties of NiFe, such as dielectric constant (ε), tangent loss (σ), AC conductivity (σ<sub>ac</sub>) and quality factor (Q) was investigated. Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM) showed the enhanced magnetic character of the synthesized particles which facilitates the separation of catalyst from the reaction medium with the help of external magnet. Similarly, the dopant significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity of NiFe, achieving a degradation efficiency of 97% within 80&#xa0;min of 40&#xa0;ppm solution of methylene blue under UV light irradiation. These results showed higher efficiency of MnNiFe at photon flux of 1.28 × 10<sup>19</sup>&#xa0;hν/s than the previously reported efficiency of NiFe or their composite materials for the photodegradation of MB up till now. The improved photocatalytic performance was attributed to the enhanced UV light absorption and efficient charge carrier separation of NiFe through Mn doping by virtue of Fermi energy redistribution. DFT study revealed a considerable drop in the band gap energy of NiFe with the dopant which is in good agreement with the experimental results. In addition, the effects of experimental parameters such as time, temperature, catalyst dose, pH and dye concentration were optimized. The results suggested that MnNiFe have very effective adsorption capacity and favorable kinetic (pseudo 1st order) properties for MB degradation under UV irradiation. It suggests that MnNiFe can be utilized as a potential candidate for the effluents of the textile industry.</p> Graphic abstract <p></p>

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Effect of manganese doping on the activity of NiFe2O4 for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月4日

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  • R. Ullah,
  • S. Sadiq,
  • M. Bibi,
  • Z. Ahmed,
  • M. Sadiq

摘要

NiFe2O4 (NiFe) and Manganese doped NiFe2O4 (MnNiFe) were synthesized by the modified co-precipitation method. The prepared particles were characterized by various techniques i.e. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-rays Spectroscopy (EDS), X-rays Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–Vis spectroscopy. These characterizations confirmed the formation of homogeneous spinal ferrites. Effect of Mn doping on the dielectric properties of NiFe, such as dielectric constant (ε), tangent loss (σ), AC conductivity (σac) and quality factor (Q) was investigated. Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM) showed the enhanced magnetic character of the synthesized particles which facilitates the separation of catalyst from the reaction medium with the help of external magnet. Similarly, the dopant significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity of NiFe, achieving a degradation efficiency of 97% within 80 min of 40 ppm solution of methylene blue under UV light irradiation. These results showed higher efficiency of MnNiFe at photon flux of 1.28 × 1019 hν/s than the previously reported efficiency of NiFe or their composite materials for the photodegradation of MB up till now. The improved photocatalytic performance was attributed to the enhanced UV light absorption and efficient charge carrier separation of NiFe through Mn doping by virtue of Fermi energy redistribution. DFT study revealed a considerable drop in the band gap energy of NiFe with the dopant which is in good agreement with the experimental results. In addition, the effects of experimental parameters such as time, temperature, catalyst dose, pH and dye concentration were optimized. The results suggested that MnNiFe have very effective adsorption capacity and favorable kinetic (pseudo 1st order) properties for MB degradation under UV irradiation. It suggests that MnNiFe can be utilized as a potential candidate for the effluents of the textile industry.

Graphic abstract