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<p>Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) poses a significant environmental challenge because of its high toxicity, non-biodegradability, and mutagenic effects. This study investigates the potential of a chemically modified spent mushroom substrate (SMS), an agricultural byproduct from mushroom cultivation, as an adsorbent. This study employed the SMS in batch experiments to evaluate its potential for removing Cr(VI) by varying the adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, chromium concentration, and temperature. The adsorbent was prepared through washing, sonication, chemical activation using HCl and NaOH, and subsequent neutralization. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of various functional groups. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a decrease in crystallinity post-activation, indicating a less dense atomic spacing. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) showed that the surface of HCl-activated SMS had a higher number of well-defined pores than NaOH-activated SMS and unactivated SMS. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis confirmed these findings, with surface areas of 77.02&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>/g (HCl-activated), 22.60&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>/g (NaOH-activated), and 14.22&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>/g (unactivated). HCl-activated SMS exhibited the highest adsorption efficiency and maximum capacity, reaching 12.68&#xa0;mg/g. The adsorption process followed the Freundlich isotherm model and Pseudo-second-order kinetics. These findings highlight the potential of chemically activated SMS as an adsorbent for the remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated wastewater.</p>

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Eco-friendly adsorbent from spent mushroom substrate for hexavalent chromium liquid waste treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月22日

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  • G. G. Putri,
  • Y. Yuliusman,
  • A. S. Putra,
  • S. P. Wijayanti,
  • H. Bahua,
  • N. Nuha,
  • F. Isharyadi,
  • M. S. Fikri

摘要

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) poses a significant environmental challenge because of its high toxicity, non-biodegradability, and mutagenic effects. This study investigates the potential of a chemically modified spent mushroom substrate (SMS), an agricultural byproduct from mushroom cultivation, as an adsorbent. This study employed the SMS in batch experiments to evaluate its potential for removing Cr(VI) by varying the adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, chromium concentration, and temperature. The adsorbent was prepared through washing, sonication, chemical activation using HCl and NaOH, and subsequent neutralization. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of various functional groups. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a decrease in crystallinity post-activation, indicating a less dense atomic spacing. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) showed that the surface of HCl-activated SMS had a higher number of well-defined pores than NaOH-activated SMS and unactivated SMS. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis confirmed these findings, with surface areas of 77.02 m2/g (HCl-activated), 22.60 m2/g (NaOH-activated), and 14.22 m2/g (unactivated). HCl-activated SMS exhibited the highest adsorption efficiency and maximum capacity, reaching 12.68 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the Freundlich isotherm model and Pseudo-second-order kinetics. These findings highlight the potential of chemically activated SMS as an adsorbent for the remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated wastewater.