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Abstract <p>The sustainable transformation of <i>Juniperus Communis</i> seed waste into nanostructured activated carbon (AC-JC) was investigated for the effective adsorption of Congo Red (CR) from aqueous media. Chemical activation with H₂SO₄ was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on a Box–Behnken design, varying the impregnation ratio, activation time, and carbonization temperature. The optimal AC-JC exhibited a high BET surface area (605.18 m<sup>2</sup>/g), predominantly microporous structure, and significant adsorption capacity (157.13&#xa0;mg/g at 45&#xa0;°C), described by Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics, indicating monolayer chemisorption. FTIR, XRD, SEM, and pHpzc analyses revealed the presence of abundant oxygenated functional groups and nanostructured amorphous domains conducive to electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and π–π interactions with CR molecules. Adsorption was pH-dependent, with maximum removal under acidic conditions (pH 4). Reusability tests showed over 81% retention after five cycles, confirming stability and regeneration potential. These findings highlight AC-JC as a renewable, nanostructured, and cost-effective adsorbent for advanced wastewater treatment applications targeting synthetic dyes.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Nanostructured activated carbon from Juniperus Communis seeds for Congo red removal: process optimization and reusability

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月1日

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  • M. Ghazoui,
  • O. Boudouch,
  • R. Zahnoune,
  • A. S. Sylla,
  • A. Talfana,
  • R. Elkacmi

摘要

Abstract

The sustainable transformation of Juniperus Communis seed waste into nanostructured activated carbon (AC-JC) was investigated for the effective adsorption of Congo Red (CR) from aqueous media. Chemical activation with H₂SO₄ was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on a Box–Behnken design, varying the impregnation ratio, activation time, and carbonization temperature. The optimal AC-JC exhibited a high BET surface area (605.18 m2/g), predominantly microporous structure, and significant adsorption capacity (157.13 mg/g at 45 °C), described by Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics, indicating monolayer chemisorption. FTIR, XRD, SEM, and pHpzc analyses revealed the presence of abundant oxygenated functional groups and nanostructured amorphous domains conducive to electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and π–π interactions with CR molecules. Adsorption was pH-dependent, with maximum removal under acidic conditions (pH 4). Reusability tests showed over 81% retention after five cycles, confirming stability and regeneration potential. These findings highlight AC-JC as a renewable, nanostructured, and cost-effective adsorbent for advanced wastewater treatment applications targeting synthetic dyes.

Graphical Abstract