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<p>A phytochemical-assisted synthesis method was employed to create magnetic biochar nanocomposites (Fe-GSMB) by combining coconut shell-derived biochar with ferric chloride and celery extract, which serves as a natural reducing and stabilising agent. Compared to pyrolyzed (PMB) and co-precipitated (Co-Pre-MB) types, the Fe-GSMB composite showed better physicochemical properties. BET surface analysis revealed a specific surface area of 162.7 m<sup>2</sup>/g, indicating increased porosity and good nanoparticle dispersion. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy detected hydroxyl and carboxyl groups from plant-based compounds, which helped stabilise iron. X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and β-FeOOH crystalline phases, reflecting improved phase formation. Iron leaching tests show Fe-GSMB released the least iron (0.42 mg/g at pH 2 and 0.06 mg/g at pH 6), indicating strong resistance to acid degradation. CHNS/O analysis revealed that coconut shell biochar (CSB) possesses the highest carbon content (69.9%), hence affirming its significant degree of carbonisation and the creation of an aromatic structure These findings highlight the success of phytochemical mediation in improving the environmental stability and structural strength of magnetic biochar composites.</p>

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Novel eco-friendly methods for producing nanocomposites from celery extract and coconut shell biochar

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月13日

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  • S. N. Fayyadh,
  • N. A. Tahrim,
  • W. N. A. W. Mokhtar

摘要

A phytochemical-assisted synthesis method was employed to create magnetic biochar nanocomposites (Fe-GSMB) by combining coconut shell-derived biochar with ferric chloride and celery extract, which serves as a natural reducing and stabilising agent. Compared to pyrolyzed (PMB) and co-precipitated (Co-Pre-MB) types, the Fe-GSMB composite showed better physicochemical properties. BET surface analysis revealed a specific surface area of 162.7 m2/g, indicating increased porosity and good nanoparticle dispersion. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy detected hydroxyl and carboxyl groups from plant-based compounds, which helped stabilise iron. X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of Fe3O4, α-Fe2O3, and β-FeOOH crystalline phases, reflecting improved phase formation. Iron leaching tests show Fe-GSMB released the least iron (0.42 mg/g at pH 2 and 0.06 mg/g at pH 6), indicating strong resistance to acid degradation. CHNS/O analysis revealed that coconut shell biochar (CSB) possesses the highest carbon content (69.9%), hence affirming its significant degree of carbonisation and the creation of an aromatic structure These findings highlight the success of phytochemical mediation in improving the environmental stability and structural strength of magnetic biochar composites.