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<p>Alternative fuels such as biodiesel and n-butanol offer environmental benefits but are limited by low energy density and combustion efficiency. This study examines the effects of multi-metal oxide nanoparticles on the combustion, performance, and emissions of B20 and B20But10 blends in a single-cylinder diesel engine. Experiments were conducted at four engine loads and nanoparticle concentrations ranging from 0 to 100&#xa0;ppm. Response Surface Methodology was applied to optimize performance and emissions. The addition of 75&#xa0;ppm Zn<sub>0.5</sub>Mn<sub>0.5</sub>Fe₂O₄ increased brake thermal efficiency by 1.5% for B20 and 2.6% for B20But10, while reducing brake specific fuel consumption by 2.52% and 1.47%, respectively. Both blends showed substantial reductions in CO, HC, and smoke emissions, although NOₓ emissions increased due to higher combustion temperatures. The ignition delay was reduced by 2°CA in both blends at the highest nanoparticle concentration, indicating earlier and more controlled combustion. The optimal nanoparticle concentration ranged from 68 to 89&#xa0;ppm, and the optimal engine load from 0.46 to 3&#xa0;bar. Enhanced atomization and combustion uniformity from the nanoparticles led to improved efficiency and cleaner combustion. The findings demonstrate that Zn<sub>0.5</sub>Mn<sub>0.5</sub>Fe₂O₄ is a promising additive for sustainable diesel engine operation using biodiesel–n-butanol blends.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Multi-metal oxide (Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4) nanoparticle additives in biodiesel–n-butanol blends: impact on diesel engine performance and emissions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月13日

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  • A. S. Avcı,
  • Umut Ercan,
  • M. A. Kallioğlu

摘要

Alternative fuels such as biodiesel and n-butanol offer environmental benefits but are limited by low energy density and combustion efficiency. This study examines the effects of multi-metal oxide nanoparticles on the combustion, performance, and emissions of B20 and B20But10 blends in a single-cylinder diesel engine. Experiments were conducted at four engine loads and nanoparticle concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 ppm. Response Surface Methodology was applied to optimize performance and emissions. The addition of 75 ppm Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe₂O₄ increased brake thermal efficiency by 1.5% for B20 and 2.6% for B20But10, while reducing brake specific fuel consumption by 2.52% and 1.47%, respectively. Both blends showed substantial reductions in CO, HC, and smoke emissions, although NOₓ emissions increased due to higher combustion temperatures. The ignition delay was reduced by 2°CA in both blends at the highest nanoparticle concentration, indicating earlier and more controlled combustion. The optimal nanoparticle concentration ranged from 68 to 89 ppm, and the optimal engine load from 0.46 to 3 bar. Enhanced atomization and combustion uniformity from the nanoparticles led to improved efficiency and cleaner combustion. The findings demonstrate that Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe₂O₄ is a promising additive for sustainable diesel engine operation using biodiesel–n-butanol blends.

Graphical abstract