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<p>The remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils presents significant environmental challenges, necessitating sustainable and efficient approaches. This study evaluates the effectiveness of humic acid (HA) as a natural surfactant in enhancing electrokinetic remediation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs). Batch desorption experiments revealed that increasing HA concentrations significantly enhanced TPH desorption, with the 0.5&#xa0;g&#xa0;L<sup>−1</sup> HA treatment achieving the highest desorption capacity. Electrokinetic experiments further demonstrated that 0.1&#xa0;g L<sup>−1</sup> HA optimized electroosmotic flow and TPH removal (31.3%), while higher HA concentrations led to pore clogging and reduced remediation efficiency. Spatial profiling revealed that HA facilitated the redistribution of TPHs and enhancement of microbial activity, while particularly at moderate concentrations maintaining soil pH gradient. This study highlights HA’s dual functionality as a surfactant and soil conditioner, promoting TPH transport and microbial activity and minimizing the ecological risks associated with synthetic surfactants. Furthermore, the findings emphasize the importance of tailoring HA concentrations to balance contaminant removal, soil integrity, and electrokinetic flow. The integration of HA into electrokinetic remediation aligns with green remediation principles and offers a sustainable and scalable solution for managing hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. The process is possibly scalable to refinery back-fill, pipeline-leak hotspots, and military motor-pool soils where excavation is impractical, and the mechanistic insights extend to other hydrophobic pollutants. These insights have broader applicability to other hydrophobic contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents, thereby presenting a pathway for advancing eco-friendly soil remediation technologies.</p>

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Assessing humic acid as natural surfactant in sustainable electrokinetic remediation of low-permeability soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月2日

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  • J. Han,
  • Y. J. Nam,
  • H.-M. Ro,
  • M. Kim

摘要

The remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils presents significant environmental challenges, necessitating sustainable and efficient approaches. This study evaluates the effectiveness of humic acid (HA) as a natural surfactant in enhancing electrokinetic remediation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs). Batch desorption experiments revealed that increasing HA concentrations significantly enhanced TPH desorption, with the 0.5 g L−1 HA treatment achieving the highest desorption capacity. Electrokinetic experiments further demonstrated that 0.1 g L−1 HA optimized electroosmotic flow and TPH removal (31.3%), while higher HA concentrations led to pore clogging and reduced remediation efficiency. Spatial profiling revealed that HA facilitated the redistribution of TPHs and enhancement of microbial activity, while particularly at moderate concentrations maintaining soil pH gradient. This study highlights HA’s dual functionality as a surfactant and soil conditioner, promoting TPH transport and microbial activity and minimizing the ecological risks associated with synthetic surfactants. Furthermore, the findings emphasize the importance of tailoring HA concentrations to balance contaminant removal, soil integrity, and electrokinetic flow. The integration of HA into electrokinetic remediation aligns with green remediation principles and offers a sustainable and scalable solution for managing hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. The process is possibly scalable to refinery back-fill, pipeline-leak hotspots, and military motor-pool soils where excavation is impractical, and the mechanistic insights extend to other hydrophobic pollutants. These insights have broader applicability to other hydrophobic contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents, thereby presenting a pathway for advancing eco-friendly soil remediation technologies.