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<p>Water contamination is a critical environmental issue that needs urgent attention to cope with the environmental concerns. Photocatalysis is a promising technology that has the potential to address the serious challenge of antibiotic pollution in the environment. The current study focuses on the fabrication of Ni and Fe doped TiO<sub>2</sub> by Sol–Gel method and their comprehensive characterization were performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, and Ultraviolet–Visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) to confirm the morphology, functional groups, crystallinity, and optical properties of photocatalysts. Under UV light, the degradation of AMX was evaluated, showing that after 140&#xa0;min (min) Fe/TiO<sub>2</sub> and Ni/TiO<sub>2</sub> at 120&#xa0;min achieved 90% and 94% degradation, respectively, for an initial AMX concentration of 30&#xa0;ppm. Kinetic and mechanistic studies revealed a first-order reaction, with metal-doped titania generating superoxide ions (O2<sup>˙ −</sup>) and hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) during the process. Although, Ni/TiO<sub>2</sub> was found to be optimized and potential photocatalyst for the effective degradation of AMX (94%) under standard parameters such as dose of photocatalyst 0.1&#xa0;g, AMX concentration 30&#xa0;ppm, and 120&#xa0;min of illumination time. Similarly, Fe/TiO<sub>2</sub> showed (90%) degradation using the same standard reaction conditions but more reaction time 120&#xa0;min. Both photocatalysts demonstrated enhanced selectivity, catalytic activity, and stability during the regeneration process.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Optimization of functionalized metal-doped titania for efficient photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin: a mechanistic study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月23日

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  • P. Akhter,
  • U. Younas,
  • F. Hassan,
  • A. Aftab,
  • M. Hussain

摘要

Water contamination is a critical environmental issue that needs urgent attention to cope with the environmental concerns. Photocatalysis is a promising technology that has the potential to address the serious challenge of antibiotic pollution in the environment. The current study focuses on the fabrication of Ni and Fe doped TiO2 by Sol–Gel method and their comprehensive characterization were performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, and Ultraviolet–Visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) to confirm the morphology, functional groups, crystallinity, and optical properties of photocatalysts. Under UV light, the degradation of AMX was evaluated, showing that after 140 min (min) Fe/TiO2 and Ni/TiO2 at 120 min achieved 90% and 94% degradation, respectively, for an initial AMX concentration of 30 ppm. Kinetic and mechanistic studies revealed a first-order reaction, with metal-doped titania generating superoxide ions (O2˙ −) and hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) during the process. Although, Ni/TiO2 was found to be optimized and potential photocatalyst for the effective degradation of AMX (94%) under standard parameters such as dose of photocatalyst 0.1 g, AMX concentration 30 ppm, and 120 min of illumination time. Similarly, Fe/TiO2 showed (90%) degradation using the same standard reaction conditions but more reaction time 120 min. Both photocatalysts demonstrated enhanced selectivity, catalytic activity, and stability during the regeneration process.

Graphical abstract