Synthesis of phosphorus nano-fertilisers their strategic applications and effect on plant growth

India stands as a significant exporter of agricultural amenities with the agricultural sector contributing 20% to the nation’s total GDP in 2020 as per the report of the Indian Economic Survey, 2023. Chemical fertilisers have been instrumental in increasing agricultural yields. However, the efficiency of chemical fertilisers remains relatively low, with around less than 10% for phosphorus (P), which leads to nutrient losses through leaching, run-off, gaseous emissions, and soil fixation or chelation, potentially causing soil and water quality degradation and overall environmental decline, posing a threat to human health, aquatic, and terrestrial ecosystems. Nano-fertilisers offer promising attributes, such as high surface area to volume ratio, enhanced uptake efficiency, reduced application frequency, and minimal environmental impact, making them a viable and sustainable alternative to conventional chemical fertilisers. Their utilisation also holds the potential to mitigate nutrient losses by enhancing soil fertility, boosting crop productivity, and minimising economic losses. This review focuses on an in-depth exploration of diverse synthesis methodologies used for producing nano-sized phosphorus particles intended for use as nano-fertilizers. The review also investigates the bio-distribution and fate of these nanoparticles within plant systems, providing insights into their interaction with phyllosphere, seed coat, plant roots, plant physiology, abiotic factors and subsequent nutrient translocation. Results show that nano P fertilizers significantly enhance nutrient uptake efficiency and reduce phosphorus loss through leaching and runoff compared to conventional fertilizers, resulting in better crop yields and more sustainable farming practices. However, the long-term effects on soil health, microbial communities, and plant physiology require further research.