Toxic implication of nanoparticles: a review of factors, mechanism, exposure and control strategies

Nanomaterials are the structural entities having one of the dimensions < 100 nm. Nanotechnology encompasses imaging, measuring, modelling, and manipulation of matter at nano dimensional level. Recent advancements in this field have brought to light the significant potential of nanoparticles (NPs) in a multitude of scientific areas. A variety of NPs have found their potential in several fields of biology, medicine, cosmetics etc. Still research scientists are investigating their potential in various other fields. In spite of numerous advantages resulting from the usability of NPs, several issues are arising related to their activities and unfavourable implications. Increasing applicability of these nano-sized entities has caused their discharge and subsequent accumulation into different ecosystems. Exposure to NPs may lead to a series of noxious effects on an organism. The toxic effects of NPs towards human health are governed by their shape and size, aspect ratio, surface charge, degree of agglomeration, density, surface and structural imperfections and dissolution rate. Prior knowledge of these distinctive properties of NPs along with their interactions with systems is imperative for the safer and wide usage of NPs. In other words, it is extremely enviable to verify the biocompatibility and distribution of nano materials prior to their utilization. This review article is envisioned to develop an intensive and extensive understanding of not only unforeseen but also unanticipated detrimental effects of nanomaterials on biological systems.