Characterization and antibacterial studies of phytosynthesized palladium nanoparticles on wool fibers using colorants extracted from saffron petals

Recently, the development of antibacterial-colored textiles using nanoparticles and plant wastes has emerged as a promising procedure, aligning with the principles of green chemistry. In this study, natural dyes extracted from saffron petals (SP) were used as bio-waste for the production of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) on wool fibers. The optimum extracting conditions of natural compounds from SP using the ultrasound method were found to be 6 g/L saffron petal in water for 15 min at room temperature. Different ratios of palladium acetate and SP extract (SPE) were prepared, and the biosynthesized PdNPs were analyzed using dynamic light scattering, UV–visible, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies. The diameter of PdNPs synthesized by SPE was acheieved 31 nm, confirming the successful phyto-synthesis of PdNPs. Moreover, the deposition of PdNPs on wool fibers was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy. The colorfastness ratings to wash and light were moderate (3–4) to good (4), and the presence of PdNPs significantly reduced bacterial growth on the samples. The antibacterial activities of wool samples dyed with SPE increased from 40 to 100% by adding Pd ions at a ratio of SPE: Pd 1:2. This method has the potential to be a sustainable alternative to conventional multi-stage processes used in the textile industry, which often rely on toxic synthetic dyes and finishing agents for coloration and multifunctionalities of wool fabrics.