A novel electrochemical sensor for determination of 2, 4-dichlorophenol as an environmental pollutant based on a carbon paste electrode modified with Ni_xMn_3-xO₄ nanoparticles

Nickel manganese oxide (NixMn_3-xO₄) nanoparticle modified carbon paste electrode (NMO/CPE) was used for the determination of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP). NixMn_3-xO₄ nanoparticles described were synthesized via simple, rapid and inexpensive co-precipitation route. Product's morphology and structure were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis, Fourier-transform infrared, and X-Ray diffraction analysis. Using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and chronoamperometry, the 2, 4-DCP electrochemical response of NMO/CPE was analyzed. k_cat was determined to be 1.13 × 10⁴ mol⁻¹ L⁻² s⁻¹ through these investigations. Also, the results obtained indicated unique electrocatalytic behavior of 2, 4-DCP at NMO/CPE as a considerable increase in anodic current compared to bare CPE (about 4 times). Supporting electrolyte pH, electrode composition, and scan rate were all experimental parameters that were fine-tuned. Under optimal conditions, the electrode could detect 2, 4-DCP concentrations as low as 89 nmol L⁻¹ in a range of 0.05–500 mol L⁻¹ using differential pulse voltammetry. The electrode also showed outstanding selectivity, repeatability, and stability. Real water samples were successfully analyzed for 2, 4-DCP using the specified electrode.