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<p>Antibiotic contamination of water resources represents a pressing environmental challenge, demanding efficient and stable photocatalytic remediation strategies. Here, we report a systematic investigation into how g-C₃N₄ calcination temperature governs the structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of BiOBr/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction composites for tetracycline (TC) degradation. Thermal treatment of g-C₃N₄ across 350–650&#xa0;°C progressively enhances its degree of polymerization, crystallinity, and mesoporosity, with specific surface area increasing from 5.39 to 17.84&#xa0;m² g⁻¹. The resulting optimal composite—BiOBr and g-C₃N₄ calcined at 650&#xa0;°C combined in a 4:1 mass ratio—exhibits a substantially narrowed band gap (2.01&#xa0;eV) relative to pristine BiOBr (2.90&#xa0;eV) and g-C₃N₄ (2.33&#xa0;eV), reflecting strong interfacial electronic coupling that suppresses charge carrier recombination. Under visible-light irradiation, this optimized composite degrades 90% of TC within 120&#xa0;min, markedly outperforming pristine BiOBr (49%) and g-C₃N₄ (26%). Systematic optimization identifies neutral pH, a catalyst loading of 0.7&#xa0;g L⁻¹, and an initial TC concentration of 50&#xa0;mg L⁻¹ as conditions that maximize degradation efficiency. Radical trapping experiments reveal that photogenerated holes are the dominant reactive species driving TC degradation, with hydroxyl and superoxide radicals playing secondary contributory roles. The composite retains 83% of its initial photocatalytic activity after five consecutive reuse cycles, underscoring its structural robustness and reusability. These findings establish calcination temperature as a critical, previously unexplored lever for tailoring g-C₃N₄-based heterojunctions, offering a rational design strategy for high-performance, cost-effective photocatalysts for antibiotic wastewater remediation.</p>

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Impact of g-C₃N₄ calcination temperature on photocatalytic activity of BiOBr/g-C₃N₄ composite: studying degradation of tetracycline

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月19日

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  • Shima Bagherzadeh,
  • Saied Asadpour,
  • Mahdi Karimi-Nazarabad

摘要

Antibiotic contamination of water resources represents a pressing environmental challenge, demanding efficient and stable photocatalytic remediation strategies. Here, we report a systematic investigation into how g-C₃N₄ calcination temperature governs the structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of BiOBr/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction composites for tetracycline (TC) degradation. Thermal treatment of g-C₃N₄ across 350–650 °C progressively enhances its degree of polymerization, crystallinity, and mesoporosity, with specific surface area increasing from 5.39 to 17.84 m² g⁻¹. The resulting optimal composite—BiOBr and g-C₃N₄ calcined at 650 °C combined in a 4:1 mass ratio—exhibits a substantially narrowed band gap (2.01 eV) relative to pristine BiOBr (2.90 eV) and g-C₃N₄ (2.33 eV), reflecting strong interfacial electronic coupling that suppresses charge carrier recombination. Under visible-light irradiation, this optimized composite degrades 90% of TC within 120 min, markedly outperforming pristine BiOBr (49%) and g-C₃N₄ (26%). Systematic optimization identifies neutral pH, a catalyst loading of 0.7 g L⁻¹, and an initial TC concentration of 50 mg L⁻¹ as conditions that maximize degradation efficiency. Radical trapping experiments reveal that photogenerated holes are the dominant reactive species driving TC degradation, with hydroxyl and superoxide radicals playing secondary contributory roles. The composite retains 83% of its initial photocatalytic activity after five consecutive reuse cycles, underscoring its structural robustness and reusability. These findings establish calcination temperature as a critical, previously unexplored lever for tailoring g-C₃N₄-based heterojunctions, offering a rational design strategy for high-performance, cost-effective photocatalysts for antibiotic wastewater remediation.