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<p>Tetracycline (TC) is an antibiotic that is widely used in both human and veterinary medicine. As it is commonly prescribed, large amounts accumulate in our water supplies and, due to its persistence and poor biodegradability, it becomes a serious issue, potentially risking the ecosystem and public health. In this study, pure titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and copper-modified TiO₂ were employed and immobilized on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films using the phase-inversion technique. The goal was to observe how well these films degrade TC under visible light. The prepared films were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods, Field-Emission Scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and water contact angle (WCA).The undoped TiO₂/PVDF film (PTi-6) with 6 wt.% of photocatalyst loading demonstrated small but significant degradation of TC at 24.76% by comparison to Cu-modified TiO₂/PVDF (PTCuR), which successfully degraded 85.62% under visible light irradiation. The Incorporation of Cu into the TiO₂ lattice significantly improved photocatalytic performance by reducing the band gap from 3.4&#xa0;eV to 2.95&#xa0;eV and suppressing electron–hole recombination, as confirmed by UV–vis DRS and photoluminescence analyses. In addition, the hydrophilicity of PTCuR was better than that of PTi-6 from 79.01° to 70.97°. The optimal pH for TC degradation was 5.8, and the optimal initial concentration was 5&#xa0;ppm using the PTCuR film under visible light. As the number of films increased from 1 to 4, the degradation effectiveness of TC also increased. The PTCuR film achieved superior TC degradation efficiency under visible light and substantial mineralization, as evidenced by a reduction in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) from 286.67&#xa0;mg/L to 40&#xa0;mg/L. The degradation performance was maintained for both film photocatalysts up to five cycles.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Immobilized TiO2/PVDF photocatalysts: comparative characterization, photocatalytic efficiency and recyclability of Cu-modified and undoped films

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • Hazlini Mohmad Ameran,
  • Abdul Halim Abdullah,
  • Ernee Noryana Muhamad,
  • Tan Yen Ping,
  • Terushisa Ohno,
  • Yoshita Ando,
  • Alvin Lim Teik Zheng,
  • Arifah Abdul Kadir,
  • Faez Firdaus Jesse Abdullah

摘要

Tetracycline (TC) is an antibiotic that is widely used in both human and veterinary medicine. As it is commonly prescribed, large amounts accumulate in our water supplies and, due to its persistence and poor biodegradability, it becomes a serious issue, potentially risking the ecosystem and public health. In this study, pure titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and copper-modified TiO₂ were employed and immobilized on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films using the phase-inversion technique. The goal was to observe how well these films degrade TC under visible light. The prepared films were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods, Field-Emission Scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and water contact angle (WCA).The undoped TiO₂/PVDF film (PTi-6) with 6 wt.% of photocatalyst loading demonstrated small but significant degradation of TC at 24.76% by comparison to Cu-modified TiO₂/PVDF (PTCuR), which successfully degraded 85.62% under visible light irradiation. The Incorporation of Cu into the TiO₂ lattice significantly improved photocatalytic performance by reducing the band gap from 3.4 eV to 2.95 eV and suppressing electron–hole recombination, as confirmed by UV–vis DRS and photoluminescence analyses. In addition, the hydrophilicity of PTCuR was better than that of PTi-6 from 79.01° to 70.97°. The optimal pH for TC degradation was 5.8, and the optimal initial concentration was 5 ppm using the PTCuR film under visible light. As the number of films increased from 1 to 4, the degradation effectiveness of TC also increased. The PTCuR film achieved superior TC degradation efficiency under visible light and substantial mineralization, as evidenced by a reduction in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) from 286.67 mg/L to 40 mg/L. The degradation performance was maintained for both film photocatalysts up to five cycles.

Graphical abstract