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<p>In recent decades, global plastic consumption has increased significantly and is expected to continue rising in the future. However, despite the large volume of plastic produced worldwide, only about 9% of the approximately 7&#xa0;billion tons of plastic generated had been recycled by 2022. The accumulation of plastic waste in the environment has led to severe ecological, health, and economic consequences. Thermochemical conversion technologies, particularly pyrolysis and gasification, have emerged as promising approaches for managing household and industrial plastic waste. These processes offer efficient pathways for converting plastic waste into valuable energy products while reducing environmental pollution. Pyrolysis and gasification are considered sustainable recycling technologies due to their reliability and cost-effectiveness. However, to enhance carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas mitigation, the development of advanced and innovative reactor systems is required. Through these processes, plastic waste can be converted into liquid oil with yields ranging from 70 to 80%, which is comparable to conventional diesel fuel. The resulting liquid oil can be utilized as an alternative energy source for transportation, heating, and electricity generation. Additionally, the char produced during plastic-to-oil conversion can be used as an adsorbent for the removal of metals, odours, and other contaminants from water and air. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of plastic waste conversion technologies, focusing on thermochemical processes such as pyrolysis and gasification, key reaction parameters, catalyst types, and the quality and potential applications of the resulting products.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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A technical review of the thermo-catalytic conversion of plastic wastes for energy production and its environmental effects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月18日

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  • Rahul Tiwari,
  • Kalpana Rajouriya,
  • Akshay Botle,
  • Prabal P. Singh,
  • Ajay Taneja

摘要

In recent decades, global plastic consumption has increased significantly and is expected to continue rising in the future. However, despite the large volume of plastic produced worldwide, only about 9% of the approximately 7 billion tons of plastic generated had been recycled by 2022. The accumulation of plastic waste in the environment has led to severe ecological, health, and economic consequences. Thermochemical conversion technologies, particularly pyrolysis and gasification, have emerged as promising approaches for managing household and industrial plastic waste. These processes offer efficient pathways for converting plastic waste into valuable energy products while reducing environmental pollution. Pyrolysis and gasification are considered sustainable recycling technologies due to their reliability and cost-effectiveness. However, to enhance carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas mitigation, the development of advanced and innovative reactor systems is required. Through these processes, plastic waste can be converted into liquid oil with yields ranging from 70 to 80%, which is comparable to conventional diesel fuel. The resulting liquid oil can be utilized as an alternative energy source for transportation, heating, and electricity generation. Additionally, the char produced during plastic-to-oil conversion can be used as an adsorbent for the removal of metals, odours, and other contaminants from water and air. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of plastic waste conversion technologies, focusing on thermochemical processes such as pyrolysis and gasification, key reaction parameters, catalyst types, and the quality and potential applications of the resulting products.

Graphical abstract