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<p><i>Syzygium</i> <i>aromaticum</i> L. (clove) essential oil (EO) exhibits notable antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and antioxidant properties. However, its therapeutic efficacy is limited by volatility, hydrophobicity, and potential toxicity. Nanoencapsulation, particularly using layered double hydroxides (LDHs), offers a solution to enhance EO stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery. LDHs—comprising magnesium or zinc with aluminum and carbonate ions—were synthesized via coprecipitation and characterized by XRD, IR spectroscopy, ICP analysis, and nitrogen adsorption (SBET). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified eugenol as the major EO component (89%). Antimicrobial tests revealed <i>Candida albicans</i> as the most sensitive microorganism to clove EO. EO loading into LDHs at varying concentrations demonstrated strong adsorption capacity, particularly by hydrotalcites. The EO/LDH nanohybrids were further analyzed using zeta potential, IR, and XRD. Molecular modeling based on XRD data proposed an arrangement of eugenol molecules within LDH interlayers. Antifungal assays showed that encapsulated eugenol retained significant activity against <i>C. albicans</i>. Release studies indicated that diffusion governs eugenol release, contributing to controlled, sustained delivery. Overall, the study highlights LDH-based nanoencapsulation as an effective approach to enhance the therapeutic potential of clove EO, offering a stable and safer alternative for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.</p>

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Nanoencapsulation of clove essential oil in layered double hydroxides for controlled release and enhanced antioxidant and biological activities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月16日

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  • Khaled Hosni,
  • Manel Haraketi,
  • Habiba Kouki,
  • Faten Rahmani,
  • Yassine M’Rabet,
  • Najoua Frini-Srasra

摘要

Syzygium aromaticum L. (clove) essential oil (EO) exhibits notable antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and antioxidant properties. However, its therapeutic efficacy is limited by volatility, hydrophobicity, and potential toxicity. Nanoencapsulation, particularly using layered double hydroxides (LDHs), offers a solution to enhance EO stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery. LDHs—comprising magnesium or zinc with aluminum and carbonate ions—were synthesized via coprecipitation and characterized by XRD, IR spectroscopy, ICP analysis, and nitrogen adsorption (SBET). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified eugenol as the major EO component (89%). Antimicrobial tests revealed Candida albicans as the most sensitive microorganism to clove EO. EO loading into LDHs at varying concentrations demonstrated strong adsorption capacity, particularly by hydrotalcites. The EO/LDH nanohybrids were further analyzed using zeta potential, IR, and XRD. Molecular modeling based on XRD data proposed an arrangement of eugenol molecules within LDH interlayers. Antifungal assays showed that encapsulated eugenol retained significant activity against C. albicans. Release studies indicated that diffusion governs eugenol release, contributing to controlled, sustained delivery. Overall, the study highlights LDH-based nanoencapsulation as an effective approach to enhance the therapeutic potential of clove EO, offering a stable and safer alternative for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.