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<p>Environmental and health hazards due to organic pollutants in wastewater worldwide necessitate their removal. Methylene blue (MB), a toxic and carcinogenic dye used in textiles and plastic manufacturing, is one of the organic pollutants that need to be removed efficiently from wastewater. Metal oxide semiconductors have shown potential in degrading organic pollutants. In this study, Mo and Zn co-doped TiO₂ nanomaterials were prepared by a hydrothermal method to enhance their photocatalytic efficiency. The influence of Mo and Zn concentration on the structural, morphological, electrical, optical, and photocatalytic properties was investigated. The structural and elemental analyses confirmed the presence of a single-phase anatase TiO₂ with a tetragonal crystal structure and crystallite size ranging from 17 to 26&#xa0;nm. The morphology showed spherical nanoparticles. The optical bandgap was narrowed by co-doping with Mo and Zn as indicated by UV-vis and PL analyses. The photocatalytic efficiency showed that all Mo and Zn co-doped samples performed better than pure TiO₂ under visible light irradiation in degrading MB. A direct relationship was observed between the recombination rate and photocatalytic activity of the samples. The optimized photocatalyst with 7.5 wt% Mo and 2.5 wt% Zn showed 93.8% efficiency in degrading MB with a rate constant of 0.0140&#xa0;min⁻¹, proving its high efficiency and stability in real world applications.</p>

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Synergistic effects of Mo and Zn in TiO2 for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月4日

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  • Manzar Ijaz,
  • Mudassar Maraj,
  • Faisal Ali,
  • Nawal Ansar,
  • Faiza Naseem,
  • Haleema Riaz,
  • Nishat Fatima,
  • Muhammad Imran Khan

摘要

Environmental and health hazards due to organic pollutants in wastewater worldwide necessitate their removal. Methylene blue (MB), a toxic and carcinogenic dye used in textiles and plastic manufacturing, is one of the organic pollutants that need to be removed efficiently from wastewater. Metal oxide semiconductors have shown potential in degrading organic pollutants. In this study, Mo and Zn co-doped TiO₂ nanomaterials were prepared by a hydrothermal method to enhance their photocatalytic efficiency. The influence of Mo and Zn concentration on the structural, morphological, electrical, optical, and photocatalytic properties was investigated. The structural and elemental analyses confirmed the presence of a single-phase anatase TiO₂ with a tetragonal crystal structure and crystallite size ranging from 17 to 26 nm. The morphology showed spherical nanoparticles. The optical bandgap was narrowed by co-doping with Mo and Zn as indicated by UV-vis and PL analyses. The photocatalytic efficiency showed that all Mo and Zn co-doped samples performed better than pure TiO₂ under visible light irradiation in degrading MB. A direct relationship was observed between the recombination rate and photocatalytic activity of the samples. The optimized photocatalyst with 7.5 wt% Mo and 2.5 wt% Zn showed 93.8% efficiency in degrading MB with a rate constant of 0.0140 min⁻¹, proving its high efficiency and stability in real world applications.