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<p>Chalcones, a versatile class of open-chain flavonoids, have garnered substantial interest owing to their structurally accessible <i>α</i>,<i>β</i>-unsaturated carbonyl system and wide-ranging biological activities, including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Their modular framework enables extensive functional modification, driving the development of diverse synthetic methodologies aimed at enhancing efficiency, selectivity, sustainability, and molecular diversity. This review provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of conventional and emerging strategies for chalcone synthesis. Classical Claisen–Schmidt condensation remains the cornerstone approach, relying on acid- or base-catalyzed aldol condensation of aromatic aldehydes with ketones. However, recent advances in green and enabling technologies, such as microwave-assisted and ultrasound-enhanced reactions, mechano-chemical approach, and heterogeneous solid-supported catalysts, have significantly improved reaction rates, product yields, and environmental compatibility. In parallel, modern methodologies including photo-redox catalysis, biocatalytic transformations, and metal or metal-free nanoparticle catalysis offer innovative routes for constructing structurally diverse chalcone derivatives with reduced ecological impact. Collectively, these developments underscore the growing emphasis on sustainable synthetic design and highlight the expanding potential of chalcones in medicinal chemistry, chemical biology, and material science.</p>

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Recent advances from conventional to green synthetic approaches for chalcone derivatives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月20日

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  • Shubham Joshi,
  • Dhruvi Chaudhari,
  • Aayush Patel,
  • Chaitalee Vaghela,
  • Janvi Patel,
  • Vaibhav Patil,
  • Kushan Parikh,
  • Shanta Raj Lakshmi

摘要

Chalcones, a versatile class of open-chain flavonoids, have garnered substantial interest owing to their structurally accessible α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system and wide-ranging biological activities, including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Their modular framework enables extensive functional modification, driving the development of diverse synthetic methodologies aimed at enhancing efficiency, selectivity, sustainability, and molecular diversity. This review provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of conventional and emerging strategies for chalcone synthesis. Classical Claisen–Schmidt condensation remains the cornerstone approach, relying on acid- or base-catalyzed aldol condensation of aromatic aldehydes with ketones. However, recent advances in green and enabling technologies, such as microwave-assisted and ultrasound-enhanced reactions, mechano-chemical approach, and heterogeneous solid-supported catalysts, have significantly improved reaction rates, product yields, and environmental compatibility. In parallel, modern methodologies including photo-redox catalysis, biocatalytic transformations, and metal or metal-free nanoparticle catalysis offer innovative routes for constructing structurally diverse chalcone derivatives with reduced ecological impact. Collectively, these developments underscore the growing emphasis on sustainable synthetic design and highlight the expanding potential of chalcones in medicinal chemistry, chemical biology, and material science.