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<p>Various types of pesticides have been utilised nowadays to increase yield by controlling pests. Organophosphorus pesticides are one of the most commonly used classes of pesticides. The constant use of these pesticides has contaminated the environment, and possibly put human health at risk. However, pesticide levels in different matrices are generally below the limits of detection for many analytical instruments and have high matrix interference, making them impossible to analyze directly from samples. In order to maximize the analytical performance of highly sensitive and sophisticated instruments and to obtain trustworthy analytical results, sample preparation is a critical step in the development of pesticide residue analysis. This review describes the sample preparation techniques of two broad category namely solvent extraction techniques and sorbent extraction techniques that have been proposed since 2016 for the extraction of globally used organophosphorus pesticides. The key features of various sample preparation techniques are discussed with an emphasis on optimal parameters and notable advantages-disadvantages. Based on the present review, QuEChERS and LPME emerge as the most widely employed sample preparation techniques for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides. QuEChERS is predominantly preferred for food matrices due to its high throughput, simplicity and efficiency. SBSE is the choice of approach for environmental samples while LLE and its miniaturization techniques have been successfully utilized for the extraction of OPPs from lipid-rich matrices. Furthermore, the development of novel functionalized sorbent materials has expanded the applicability of various solid-phase extraction formats, making them increasingly attractive within the framework of green analytical chemistry. It seems possible to extend these approaches to extract and cleanup the compounds of interest in other similar matrices as well. The review serves as a valuable resource for method development and future studies, as the important parameters of sample preparation procedures are compiled from the relevant publications.</p>

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Review on sample preparation approaches for chromatographic analysis of organophosphorus pesticides

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月24日

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  • Mukesh N. Kher,
  • Vidhi V. Shah,
  • Jyoti G. Solanki,
  • Grisha G. Shah,
  • Riya J. Rathod,
  • Hetvi H. Prajapati

摘要

Various types of pesticides have been utilised nowadays to increase yield by controlling pests. Organophosphorus pesticides are one of the most commonly used classes of pesticides. The constant use of these pesticides has contaminated the environment, and possibly put human health at risk. However, pesticide levels in different matrices are generally below the limits of detection for many analytical instruments and have high matrix interference, making them impossible to analyze directly from samples. In order to maximize the analytical performance of highly sensitive and sophisticated instruments and to obtain trustworthy analytical results, sample preparation is a critical step in the development of pesticide residue analysis. This review describes the sample preparation techniques of two broad category namely solvent extraction techniques and sorbent extraction techniques that have been proposed since 2016 for the extraction of globally used organophosphorus pesticides. The key features of various sample preparation techniques are discussed with an emphasis on optimal parameters and notable advantages-disadvantages. Based on the present review, QuEChERS and LPME emerge as the most widely employed sample preparation techniques for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides. QuEChERS is predominantly preferred for food matrices due to its high throughput, simplicity and efficiency. SBSE is the choice of approach for environmental samples while LLE and its miniaturization techniques have been successfully utilized for the extraction of OPPs from lipid-rich matrices. Furthermore, the development of novel functionalized sorbent materials has expanded the applicability of various solid-phase extraction formats, making them increasingly attractive within the framework of green analytical chemistry. It seems possible to extend these approaches to extract and cleanup the compounds of interest in other similar matrices as well. The review serves as a valuable resource for method development and future studies, as the important parameters of sample preparation procedures are compiled from the relevant publications.