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<p>This study provides a comprehensive biochemical comparison of worker larvae, drone laying queen larvae (D1), drone laying worker larvae (D2) and fresh royal jelly (RJ) for honey-bee (<i>Apis mellifera carnica</i>) in Egypt. Total soluble protein, four key metabolic enzymes (malate dehydrogenase MDH, acetylcholinesterase AChE, phosphodiesterase PDE, acid phosphatase ACP), seven macro- and micro-minerals (Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, K, P, and Cu) and the sex hormones (estradiol and testosterone) were quantified; protein patterns were further resolved by SDS-PAGE. Protein concentrations in larvae increased with age and caste hierarchy, peaking in 8-day D1 larvae (16.18&#xa0;mg mL⁻¹), while RJ contained 12.31&#xa0;mg mL⁻¹ and a characteristic major royal jelly proteins (MRJP) rich electrophoretic profile. Enzymatic activities mirrored these trends: D1 larvae displayed the highest MDH (0.438 U mg⁻¹) and AChE (1952.0 U mg⁻¹), whereas PDE was maximal in 5-day workers and ACP in 3-day workers. RJ proved to be the principal mineral and hormonal reservoir, delivering exceptional iron (551&#xa0;µg g⁻¹), copper (112&#xa0;µg g⁻¹), testosterone (22.42 ng g⁻¹) and estradiol (1 67.0 pg g⁻¹). Caste- and age-specific biochemical signatures were evident across all parameters, underscoring the distinct developmental and nutritional trajectories of each group. These findings highlight the differential nutritive and functional potential of drone larvae and RJ and offer a biochemical basis for their targeted use as apicultural product with potential applications in nutrition, health research, and apitherapy.</p>

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Biochemical characterization of bioactive compounds; proteins, enzymes, minerals and sex hormones in Apis mellifera larvae and Royal jelly

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月21日

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  • Mohammed M. Abdel-Monsef,
  • Doaa A. Darwish,
  • Hassan M. M. Masoud,
  • Hind A. Zidan,
  • Mohamed S. Helmy,
  • Hammad M. Hoda,
  • Amany S. M. Abou-Lila,
  • Sayed S. Esa

摘要

This study provides a comprehensive biochemical comparison of worker larvae, drone laying queen larvae (D1), drone laying worker larvae (D2) and fresh royal jelly (RJ) for honey-bee (Apis mellifera carnica) in Egypt. Total soluble protein, four key metabolic enzymes (malate dehydrogenase MDH, acetylcholinesterase AChE, phosphodiesterase PDE, acid phosphatase ACP), seven macro- and micro-minerals (Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, K, P, and Cu) and the sex hormones (estradiol and testosterone) were quantified; protein patterns were further resolved by SDS-PAGE. Protein concentrations in larvae increased with age and caste hierarchy, peaking in 8-day D1 larvae (16.18 mg mL⁻¹), while RJ contained 12.31 mg mL⁻¹ and a characteristic major royal jelly proteins (MRJP) rich electrophoretic profile. Enzymatic activities mirrored these trends: D1 larvae displayed the highest MDH (0.438 U mg⁻¹) and AChE (1952.0 U mg⁻¹), whereas PDE was maximal in 5-day workers and ACP in 3-day workers. RJ proved to be the principal mineral and hormonal reservoir, delivering exceptional iron (551 µg g⁻¹), copper (112 µg g⁻¹), testosterone (22.42 ng g⁻¹) and estradiol (1 67.0 pg g⁻¹). Caste- and age-specific biochemical signatures were evident across all parameters, underscoring the distinct developmental and nutritional trajectories of each group. These findings highlight the differential nutritive and functional potential of drone larvae and RJ and offer a biochemical basis for their targeted use as apicultural product with potential applications in nutrition, health research, and apitherapy.