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<p>Copolymers were synthesized via aqueous chemical oxidative polymerization using aniline (An) and diphenylamine (DPA) as monomers. These copolymers were doped in an acidic medium using hydrochloric acid (HCl) and ammonium persulfate (APS) as the initiators. Multiple analytical techniques characterized the synthesized copolymers, including UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for morphological analysis. Absorption peaks at 357 and 602&#xa0;nm confirmed π–π* and n–π* transitions, contributing to conjugation within the polymer backbone. The XRD patterns indicated the amorphous nature of the copolymers, while the FTIR spectra revealed the presence of quinoid and benzenoid rings. SEM imaging revealed a layered structure with smooth surfaces, agglomerated particles, and one-dimensional fiber-like or tubular growth. The thermal degradation behavior was examined using thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The copolymers were soluble in dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) but insoluble in water and partially soluble in ethanol. The electrical properties confirmed the semiconductor characteristics, with conductivities in the range of 10<sup>− 4</sup> Scm<sup>− 1</sup>. The conductivity of HCl-doped poly(An-co-DPA) shifted when exposed to ammonia, enabling the detection of the ammonia concentration. The copolymers demonstrated good thermal sensing properties at temperatures up to 55&#xa0;°C. Improvements in the sensor performance are expected through refined sensor design, including optimized polyaniline morphology, adjusted doping levels, and fine-tuned operational conditions. These improvements are expected to enhance the effectiveness of the sensors for various applications.</p>

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Aniline-diphenylamine copolymers doped with hydrochloric acid: synthesis, characterization, conductivity and sensing applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月7日

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  • Javad Ahammed,
  • M. Roshna,
  • P. E. Shameera,
  • P. Bashpa,
  • S. Ashokan,
  • P. S. Vijayanand,
  • K. Bijudas

摘要

Copolymers were synthesized via aqueous chemical oxidative polymerization using aniline (An) and diphenylamine (DPA) as monomers. These copolymers were doped in an acidic medium using hydrochloric acid (HCl) and ammonium persulfate (APS) as the initiators. Multiple analytical techniques characterized the synthesized copolymers, including UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for morphological analysis. Absorption peaks at 357 and 602 nm confirmed π–π* and n–π* transitions, contributing to conjugation within the polymer backbone. The XRD patterns indicated the amorphous nature of the copolymers, while the FTIR spectra revealed the presence of quinoid and benzenoid rings. SEM imaging revealed a layered structure with smooth surfaces, agglomerated particles, and one-dimensional fiber-like or tubular growth. The thermal degradation behavior was examined using thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The copolymers were soluble in dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) but insoluble in water and partially soluble in ethanol. The electrical properties confirmed the semiconductor characteristics, with conductivities in the range of 10− 4 Scm− 1. The conductivity of HCl-doped poly(An-co-DPA) shifted when exposed to ammonia, enabling the detection of the ammonia concentration. The copolymers demonstrated good thermal sensing properties at temperatures up to 55 °C. Improvements in the sensor performance are expected through refined sensor design, including optimized polyaniline morphology, adjusted doping levels, and fine-tuned operational conditions. These improvements are expected to enhance the effectiveness of the sensors for various applications.