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<p>In this present work, a spherical geopolymer composite was produced using metakaolin geopolymer and an optimized ratio of calcium alginate (AL1G) biopolymer. The calcium alginate bead was subsequently modified through peroxide treatment (AL1G<sub>H</sub>). FTIR, SEM with EDX were conducted to study the microstructural characteristics. SEM–EDX analysis revealed that the spheres were composed of a collection of geopolymer particles bound together by calcium alginate, which functions as glue, where the external surface was uneven and rough. Removal of methylene blue (MB) dye stuff was investigated in an inverse flow reactor in a continuous mode of operation at various flow rates (5–15&#xa0;mL/min), column height (3–7&#xa0;cm), and primary concentrations of the dye (10–30&#xa0;mg/L). To make a comparison between the capacities of the adsorbent materials and one another, the performance of the inverse flow configuration from break through behavior was used. The column parametric study demonstrated that higher adsorption capacity on AL1G<sub>H</sub> at&#xa0;12&#xa0;mg/g was observed under the following optimal conditions: pH: 7,&#xa0;C<sub>o</sub>: 10&#xa0;mg/L, flow rate: 5&#xa0;mL/min, and bed height: 7&#xa0;cm. The best fit obtained from Thomas model, followed by Clark adsorption models, demonstrated a greater correlation in nonlinear form of porous spherical geopolymer bead (AL1G<sub>H</sub>), the adsorption capacity (<i>q</i><sub>0</sub>) 11.9&#xa0;mg/g, area of the breakthrough curve A value 69.9, and <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> value 0.9981. The adsorption mechanism was discussed from the perspectives of the molecular structure of composite beads, interaction between composite and MB dye, with the driving force mainly from electrostatic interaction and multisite chemisorption while slight physisorption. This study provides a green and sustainable pathway for the preparation, application, and subsequent processing of clay-based geopolymeric adsorbents for continuous flow operations in environmental areas.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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The adsorption performance optimization of alkali-activated metakaolin geopolymeric microsphere on dye in fixed-bed column

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月15日

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  • Janani Karuppaiyan,
  • A. Mullaimalar,
  • R. Jeyalakshmi

摘要

In this present work, a spherical geopolymer composite was produced using metakaolin geopolymer and an optimized ratio of calcium alginate (AL1G) biopolymer. The calcium alginate bead was subsequently modified through peroxide treatment (AL1GH). FTIR, SEM with EDX were conducted to study the microstructural characteristics. SEM–EDX analysis revealed that the spheres were composed of a collection of geopolymer particles bound together by calcium alginate, which functions as glue, where the external surface was uneven and rough. Removal of methylene blue (MB) dye stuff was investigated in an inverse flow reactor in a continuous mode of operation at various flow rates (5–15 mL/min), column height (3–7 cm), and primary concentrations of the dye (10–30 mg/L). To make a comparison between the capacities of the adsorbent materials and one another, the performance of the inverse flow configuration from break through behavior was used. The column parametric study demonstrated that higher adsorption capacity on AL1GH at 12 mg/g was observed under the following optimal conditions: pH: 7, Co: 10 mg/L, flow rate: 5 mL/min, and bed height: 7 cm. The best fit obtained from Thomas model, followed by Clark adsorption models, demonstrated a greater correlation in nonlinear form of porous spherical geopolymer bead (AL1GH), the adsorption capacity (q0) 11.9 mg/g, area of the breakthrough curve A value 69.9, and R2 value 0.9981. The adsorption mechanism was discussed from the perspectives of the molecular structure of composite beads, interaction between composite and MB dye, with the driving force mainly from electrostatic interaction and multisite chemisorption while slight physisorption. This study provides a green and sustainable pathway for the preparation, application, and subsequent processing of clay-based geopolymeric adsorbents for continuous flow operations in environmental areas.

Graphical abstract