Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with rapid kidney enlargement after induction of hemodialysis in a patient with IgG4-related disease

A 76-year-old Japanese man was incidentally diagnosed with a pancreatic head tumor on computed tomography after surgery for colon cancer. He underwent pancreatoduodenectomy and was diagnosed with IgG4-related autoimmune pancreatitis. Concurrent chronic kidney disease gradually progressed and chronic hemodialysis was introduced 2 years later. Six months after the introduction of hemodialysis, follow-up abdominal computed tomography revealed marked enlargement of bilateral kidneys compared with previous images. Blood tests revealed persistent high IgG and IgG4 levels, and IgG4-related kidney disease was suspected. Thus, percutaneous kidney biopsy was performed. No evidence of IgG4-related kidney disease was detected, and a diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was made. Six courses of combination chemotherapy consisting of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone was effective, and the patient achieved and maintained complete remission for five years. This case highlights the need to consider the possible development of malignant lymphoma within several years after IgG4-related disease, especially in cases of autoimmune pancreatitis.