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<p>The present investigation explores the use of sugarcane bagasse biochar, prepared through chemical activation (CAC) and physical activation (PAC), as a reinforcing filler in epoxy and polyester biocomposites. The work was undertaken to assess the influence of surface functionalization and porosity of biochar on the mechanical, thermal and chemical properties of composites relevant to agriculture, construction and environmental remediation, also supporting SDG 9, 12 and 13. Chemical activation yielded 50% biochar with higher functional groups, while physical activation gave 23% yield with superior carbon content and porous structure. FTIR confirmed enhanced functional groups in CAC, and SEM showed well-developed pores in PAC. The highest density was obtained in PR/CAC/3 and the lowest in ER/PAC/9. Water absorption of all composites remained below 0.5%, with maximum value in ER/PAC/9. Epoxy composites exhibited peak tensile strength at 9% loading, followed by 3%, but decreased at 6% due to poor dispersion and interfacial bonding. Polyester composites, however, showed steady improvement from 3 to 9% biochar loading (17.26–27.77&#xa0;MPa). Stress–strain behaviour indicated enhanced elastic–plastic flow and strain hardening with 3–9 wt.% reinforcement. SEM analysis revealed fewer cracks and cohesive fracture in PR/CAC/9 and PR/PAC/9, while epoxy composites showed voids and microcracks. Polyester composites reinforced with PAC demonstrated superior flexural strength (6.26&#xa0;MPa in ER/PAC/9) and impact resistance (39.13&#xa0;J/m in ER/PAC/3). TGA confirmed highest thermal stability for CAC/PR composites (371&#xa0;°C, 7.65% residue at 900&#xa0;°C). PAC reinforced polyester composites proved most suitable, combining strength, durability and stability for structural, packaging and automotive applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Investigation on the mechanical, thermal, and chemical resistance properties of thermo-physically and chemically activated sugarcane bagasse biochar-based biocomposites

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Gorla Gayathri,
  • Jayant Singh,
  • Triveni Prasad Singh

摘要

The present investigation explores the use of sugarcane bagasse biochar, prepared through chemical activation (CAC) and physical activation (PAC), as a reinforcing filler in epoxy and polyester biocomposites. The work was undertaken to assess the influence of surface functionalization and porosity of biochar on the mechanical, thermal and chemical properties of composites relevant to agriculture, construction and environmental remediation, also supporting SDG 9, 12 and 13. Chemical activation yielded 50% biochar with higher functional groups, while physical activation gave 23% yield with superior carbon content and porous structure. FTIR confirmed enhanced functional groups in CAC, and SEM showed well-developed pores in PAC. The highest density was obtained in PR/CAC/3 and the lowest in ER/PAC/9. Water absorption of all composites remained below 0.5%, with maximum value in ER/PAC/9. Epoxy composites exhibited peak tensile strength at 9% loading, followed by 3%, but decreased at 6% due to poor dispersion and interfacial bonding. Polyester composites, however, showed steady improvement from 3 to 9% biochar loading (17.26–27.77 MPa). Stress–strain behaviour indicated enhanced elastic–plastic flow and strain hardening with 3–9 wt.% reinforcement. SEM analysis revealed fewer cracks and cohesive fracture in PR/CAC/9 and PR/PAC/9, while epoxy composites showed voids and microcracks. Polyester composites reinforced with PAC demonstrated superior flexural strength (6.26 MPa in ER/PAC/9) and impact resistance (39.13 J/m in ER/PAC/3). TGA confirmed highest thermal stability for CAC/PR composites (371 °C, 7.65% residue at 900 °C). PAC reinforced polyester composites proved most suitable, combining strength, durability and stability for structural, packaging and automotive applications.

Graphical abstract