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<p>The growing interest in environmentally friendly and biodegradable packaging materials has driven the development of bio-based films with improved functional properties. In this work, cellulose (CMC)/chitosan (CS) composite films incorporated with four phenolic acids—gallic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), protocatechuic acid (PCA), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (HA)—were fabricated and systematically evaluated. The addition of phenolic acids was expected to enhance intermolecular interactions within the polymer matrix, thereby improving the mechanical strength and antimicrobial functionality of the films. Structural characterization using scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the modified films displayed compact, uniform, and defect-free morphologies, suggesting good compatibility between CMC, CS, and the phenolic acid additives. Mechanical testing demonstrated that the CMC-CS-GA film exhibited the most significant reinforcement, achieving a tensile strength of 32&#xa0;MPa and an elongation-at-break of 25%, values comparable to those required for commercial PVDC packaging materials. Antibacterial analyses showed that phenolic acid incorporation greatly boosted the films’ inhibition efficiency, reaching 91.2% against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and 97.1% against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. These enhanced antimicrobial effects are attributed to the phenolic hydroxyl groups, which can disrupt bacterial cell membranes. Overall, the study reveals that CMC-CS composite films functionalized with phenolic acids combine biodegradability, mechanical robustness, and excellent antimicrobial performance, highlighting their strong potential as active and sustainable food-packaging materials for extending the shelf life of perishable products.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Phenolic acid-grafted chitosan/cellulose composite films with synergistic antibacterial activity and enhanced mechanical properties for active food packaging

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Chaojie Li,
  • Yao Zhang,
  • Xiaoyu Liu,
  • Long Wang,
  • Xue Li,
  • Zi-ang Xia,
  • Yunqiang Sun,
  • Baoming Xu,
  • Heng Zhang

摘要

The growing interest in environmentally friendly and biodegradable packaging materials has driven the development of bio-based films with improved functional properties. In this work, cellulose (CMC)/chitosan (CS) composite films incorporated with four phenolic acids—gallic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), protocatechuic acid (PCA), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (HA)—were fabricated and systematically evaluated. The addition of phenolic acids was expected to enhance intermolecular interactions within the polymer matrix, thereby improving the mechanical strength and antimicrobial functionality of the films. Structural characterization using scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the modified films displayed compact, uniform, and defect-free morphologies, suggesting good compatibility between CMC, CS, and the phenolic acid additives. Mechanical testing demonstrated that the CMC-CS-GA film exhibited the most significant reinforcement, achieving a tensile strength of 32 MPa and an elongation-at-break of 25%, values comparable to those required for commercial PVDC packaging materials. Antibacterial analyses showed that phenolic acid incorporation greatly boosted the films’ inhibition efficiency, reaching 91.2% against Escherichia coli and 97.1% against Staphylococcus aureus. These enhanced antimicrobial effects are attributed to the phenolic hydroxyl groups, which can disrupt bacterial cell membranes. Overall, the study reveals that CMC-CS composite films functionalized with phenolic acids combine biodegradability, mechanical robustness, and excellent antimicrobial performance, highlighting their strong potential as active and sustainable food-packaging materials for extending the shelf life of perishable products.

Graphical abstract