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<p>A multifunctional bioactive nanocomposite film based on bacterial cellulose (BC), chitosan (CS), and <i>Terminalia catappa</i> leaf extract (TCLE) was successfully fabricated through a green casting process for active food-packaging applications. Incorporating polyphenol-rich TCLE significantly enhanced the mechanical, thermal, optical, and antibacterial performance of the BC/CS matrix. At the optimized composition (15 wt% TCLE), tensile strength increased from 22 to 27&#xa0;MPa (+ 22.7%), elongation-at-break from 12% to 15% (+ 25%), and char yield from 21.2% to 28.5% (+ 35%), achieving a UL-94&#xa0;V-0 classification with a limiting oxygen index of 28.5%. FTIR and XPS analyses confirmed hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions between phenolic compounds and polysaccharide chains, while SEM–EDX revealed uniform morphology and elemental dispersion. The film exhibited strong UV-shielding, reducing color variation (ΔE) from 6.5 to 3.2 after 96&#xa0;h irradiation, and LC–MS/MS verified the stable retention of gallic acid (m/z ≈ 170) and quercetin (m/z ≈ 305). Thermal analysis showed a T<sub>max</sub> of 336&#xa0;°C and residual char of 24%, indicating improved stability. Antibacterial activity rose markedly, with inhibition zones expanding from 6.2 ± 0.3 to 13.6 ± 0.6&#xa0;mm against <i>E. coli</i> and 7.2 ± 0.4 to 16.1 ± 0.5&#xa0;mm against <i>S. aureus</i>. Polyphenol release followed Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas models (R² &gt; 0.98), sustaining antimicrobial action over 200&#xa0;h. In fruit-preservation tests, spoilage dropped from 72.5% to 12.5%, weight loss from 14.3% to 4.2%, and color change remained minimal (ΔE &lt; 3.5) after 7 days. These results demonstrate that TCLE effectively reinforces the BC/CS network, yielding a durable, flame-retardant, UV-resistant, and antibacterial biofilm suitable for next-generation biodegradable packaging and biomedical coatings.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Bioactive nanocomposite films from bacterial cellulose and Terminalia catappa: a promising material for antibacterial action and food preservation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月19日

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  • Tuan Anh Nguyen,
  • Thi Thu Trang Bui,
  • Thi Thu Phuong Nguyen,
  • Xuan Thang Dam

摘要

A multifunctional bioactive nanocomposite film based on bacterial cellulose (BC), chitosan (CS), and Terminalia catappa leaf extract (TCLE) was successfully fabricated through a green casting process for active food-packaging applications. Incorporating polyphenol-rich TCLE significantly enhanced the mechanical, thermal, optical, and antibacterial performance of the BC/CS matrix. At the optimized composition (15 wt% TCLE), tensile strength increased from 22 to 27 MPa (+ 22.7%), elongation-at-break from 12% to 15% (+ 25%), and char yield from 21.2% to 28.5% (+ 35%), achieving a UL-94 V-0 classification with a limiting oxygen index of 28.5%. FTIR and XPS analyses confirmed hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions between phenolic compounds and polysaccharide chains, while SEM–EDX revealed uniform morphology and elemental dispersion. The film exhibited strong UV-shielding, reducing color variation (ΔE) from 6.5 to 3.2 after 96 h irradiation, and LC–MS/MS verified the stable retention of gallic acid (m/z ≈ 170) and quercetin (m/z ≈ 305). Thermal analysis showed a Tmax of 336 °C and residual char of 24%, indicating improved stability. Antibacterial activity rose markedly, with inhibition zones expanding from 6.2 ± 0.3 to 13.6 ± 0.6 mm against E. coli and 7.2 ± 0.4 to 16.1 ± 0.5 mm against S. aureus. Polyphenol release followed Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas models (R² > 0.98), sustaining antimicrobial action over 200 h. In fruit-preservation tests, spoilage dropped from 72.5% to 12.5%, weight loss from 14.3% to 4.2%, and color change remained minimal (ΔE < 3.5) after 7 days. These results demonstrate that TCLE effectively reinforces the BC/CS network, yielding a durable, flame-retardant, UV-resistant, and antibacterial biofilm suitable for next-generation biodegradable packaging and biomedical coatings.

Graphical abstract