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<p>This study explores the effects of sol-gel polyol, isocyanate, and kaolin composition on the composite polymer’s tensile strength and thermal properties. The sol-gel polyurethane composites (SPUCs) were formulated by optimization of various parameters using “response surface methodology” with Central Composite Design. Biodegradable polyurethane was synthesized using cardanol-based sol-gel polyol. RSM optimization indicates that the composition, consisting of sol-gel polyol, isocyanate, and kaolin in a 3:6.5:1.5 ratio, achieves a tensile strength of 3.1053&#xa0;MPa. Validation through experimental testing shows a tensile strength of 3.1384&#xa0;MPa, which closely matches the predicted value with the model. Cardanol-based sol-gel polyol was characterized using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The SPUCs were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, and contact angle. Resultant SPUC coatings were applied to urea granules, and their nutrient-release behavior was examined by UV-visible spectroscopy, confirming the release performance. The integration of renewable cardanol chemistry with kaolin reinforcement and statistical optimization produced mechanically robust, thermally stable biodegradable coatings suitable for controlled-release fertilizer applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Optimization of sol-gel polyurethane composite formulation employing response surface methodology and its application in controlled-release fertilizer

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • Chirag N. Gadhiya,
  • Vimalkumar Prajapati,
  • Swati Patel,
  • Bharatkumar Z. Dholakiya

摘要

This study explores the effects of sol-gel polyol, isocyanate, and kaolin composition on the composite polymer’s tensile strength and thermal properties. The sol-gel polyurethane composites (SPUCs) were formulated by optimization of various parameters using “response surface methodology” with Central Composite Design. Biodegradable polyurethane was synthesized using cardanol-based sol-gel polyol. RSM optimization indicates that the composition, consisting of sol-gel polyol, isocyanate, and kaolin in a 3:6.5:1.5 ratio, achieves a tensile strength of 3.1053 MPa. Validation through experimental testing shows a tensile strength of 3.1384 MPa, which closely matches the predicted value with the model. Cardanol-based sol-gel polyol was characterized using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The SPUCs were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, and contact angle. Resultant SPUC coatings were applied to urea granules, and their nutrient-release behavior was examined by UV-visible spectroscopy, confirming the release performance. The integration of renewable cardanol chemistry with kaolin reinforcement and statistical optimization produced mechanically robust, thermally stable biodegradable coatings suitable for controlled-release fertilizer applications.

Graphical abstract