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<p>Microencapsulation is a versatile technique used to produce microcapsules ranging from 1 to 1000&#xa0;µm in size by enclosing active core substances within a layer of secondary material. In this work, sustainable microencapsulation methods were explored to creates smart and functional, antimicrobial cotton textiles using biopolymers. Two methods-simple and complex coacervation were employed to encapsulate clove essential oil. The simple coacervation method utilized a 3 (w/v%) gelatin solution at 40&#xa0;°C, while the complex coacervation used a 1:1 ratio of 2 (w/v%) gum Arabic (GA) and gelatin (GE), with tannic acid as a natural cross-linker. Characterization techniques included optical microscopy, SEM, FTIR, and UV–Vis spectrophotometry. FTIR analysis revealed ionic interactions between tannic acid and gelatin–gum arabic matrix in the complex coacervation, whereas covalent bonding with glutaraldehyde was confirmed in the simple method. Complex coacervation yielded stable microcapsules with a zeta potential of − 7.69&#xa0;mV and an average particle size of 6500&#xa0;nm. Encapsulation efficiency was significantly higher in complex coacervation (72–93%) compared to the simple method (28–66%) with a statistically significant difference (<i>p</i> = 0.00) confirmed by paired t-test. The GE-GA/clove oil microcapsules were applied to cotton fabrics using a padding mangle and Eudragit S 100 as a binder. Antibacterial testing (AATCC 100-2004) demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial activity for the complex method, achieving a 92% reduction in <i>Escherichia coli</i> and 92.9% in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>. These results indicated that complex coacervation is an effective, eco-friendly technique for producing durable antimicrobial textiles.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Preparation of microcapsules through complex coacervation technique, their characterization and application on cotton fabric

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月22日

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  • Reena Yadav,
  • J. N. Chakraborty

摘要

Microencapsulation is a versatile technique used to produce microcapsules ranging from 1 to 1000 µm in size by enclosing active core substances within a layer of secondary material. In this work, sustainable microencapsulation methods were explored to creates smart and functional, antimicrobial cotton textiles using biopolymers. Two methods-simple and complex coacervation were employed to encapsulate clove essential oil. The simple coacervation method utilized a 3 (w/v%) gelatin solution at 40 °C, while the complex coacervation used a 1:1 ratio of 2 (w/v%) gum Arabic (GA) and gelatin (GE), with tannic acid as a natural cross-linker. Characterization techniques included optical microscopy, SEM, FTIR, and UV–Vis spectrophotometry. FTIR analysis revealed ionic interactions between tannic acid and gelatin–gum arabic matrix in the complex coacervation, whereas covalent bonding with glutaraldehyde was confirmed in the simple method. Complex coacervation yielded stable microcapsules with a zeta potential of − 7.69 mV and an average particle size of 6500 nm. Encapsulation efficiency was significantly higher in complex coacervation (72–93%) compared to the simple method (28–66%) with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.00) confirmed by paired t-test. The GE-GA/clove oil microcapsules were applied to cotton fabrics using a padding mangle and Eudragit S 100 as a binder. Antibacterial testing (AATCC 100-2004) demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial activity for the complex method, achieving a 92% reduction in Escherichia coli and 92.9% in Bacillus subtilis. These results indicated that complex coacervation is an effective, eco-friendly technique for producing durable antimicrobial textiles.

Graphical abstract