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<p>This study investigates the electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric loss, impedance, and electric modulus of biocompatible polypyrrole (PPy)/<i>Agaricus bisporus</i> (AB, edible mushroom)/zinc oxide (ZnO) composites under AC conditions at room temperature. Composites were synthesized with varying weight percentages of AB/ZnO (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) relative to PPy. The details of synthesis and characterization results are reported in our earlier work. AC transport measurements were performed over a frequency range of 20&#xa0;Hz to 5&#xa0;MHz using an impedance analyzer. The AC electrical conductivity of the PPy/AB/ZnO composites exhibits frequency-dependent behavior associated with different relaxation mechanisms. Among the samples, the PPy-30AB/ZnO composite demonstrated the highest electrical conductivity, along with enhanced dielectric constant and dielectric loss. These features highlight the dominant capacitive nature of the composite and suggest that both grain interiors and grain boundaries significantly influence the charge transport properties. This behavior can be attributed to the fact that the 30% AB/ZnO composition optimizes the dispersion of active fillers, promotes efficient charge transport through percolative pathways, and maximizes interfacial polarization effects. The M″/M″<sub>max</sub> and Z″/Z″<sub>max</sub> study shows broad peak indicating a distribution of relaxation times (non-Debye behavior), while a narrow symmetric peak suggests a single relaxation time (Debye-type behavior). A shift of the Mʺ peak towards higher frequencies suggests faster relaxation which is observed for all composites. The combined analysis helps distinguish between grain, grain boundary, and electrode contributions and confirms the nature of charge transport mechanism.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Biocompatible polypyrrole/Agaricus bisporus (edible mushroom)/zinc oxide composite: electrical conductivity, dielectric properties, modulus, and hopping mechanism study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月14日

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  • M. G. Smitha,
  • M. S. Mithun,
  • S. Vijay,
  • K. Krishna,
  • K. Goutham Kumar,
  • G. P. Vadiraj,
  • S. Chandana,
  • M. V. Murugendrappa

摘要

This study investigates the electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric loss, impedance, and electric modulus of biocompatible polypyrrole (PPy)/Agaricus bisporus (AB, edible mushroom)/zinc oxide (ZnO) composites under AC conditions at room temperature. Composites were synthesized with varying weight percentages of AB/ZnO (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) relative to PPy. The details of synthesis and characterization results are reported in our earlier work. AC transport measurements were performed over a frequency range of 20 Hz to 5 MHz using an impedance analyzer. The AC electrical conductivity of the PPy/AB/ZnO composites exhibits frequency-dependent behavior associated with different relaxation mechanisms. Among the samples, the PPy-30AB/ZnO composite demonstrated the highest electrical conductivity, along with enhanced dielectric constant and dielectric loss. These features highlight the dominant capacitive nature of the composite and suggest that both grain interiors and grain boundaries significantly influence the charge transport properties. This behavior can be attributed to the fact that the 30% AB/ZnO composition optimizes the dispersion of active fillers, promotes efficient charge transport through percolative pathways, and maximizes interfacial polarization effects. The M″/M″max and Z″/Z″max study shows broad peak indicating a distribution of relaxation times (non-Debye behavior), while a narrow symmetric peak suggests a single relaxation time (Debye-type behavior). A shift of the Mʺ peak towards higher frequencies suggests faster relaxation which is observed for all composites. The combined analysis helps distinguish between grain, grain boundary, and electrode contributions and confirms the nature of charge transport mechanism.

Graphical abstract