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<p>Nerve injury is one of the most significant problems; that medical science has faced. In this study, Crocin was used as a neuroactive drug to improve and accelerate nerve regeneration. The drug was loaded into microparticles of polycaprolactone (PCL) using the double-emulsion and solvent evaporation method. The effects of different parameters such as the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in the first and second emulsions, drug loading, drug/polymer ratio, rotational speed, duration and the type of homogenizer on the mean particle size and drug loading efficiency were investigated. Based on the results, first and second emulsions with concentrations of PVA 0.5% and 1% w/v, homogenizer with a 24,500&#xa0;rpm rotational speed and a drug concentration of 10% were chosen as the optimal conditions. The microparticles obtained had a spherical shape with a mean particle size of 3&#xa0;μm as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and mouse fibroblast L929 culture results showed no toxicity. Incorporating Crocin-loaded particles into agar hydrogel reduced the burst release from 70 to 41% compared to Crocin-loaded particles alone. A rheology test showed that the agar hydrogel at 0.34% w/v containing microparticles exhibited a suitable storage modulus of approximately 1200&#xa0;Pa making it appropriate for consideration in peripheral nerve diffusion.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Composite agar hydrogel containing polycaprolactone microparticles with Crocin sustained release for nerve tissue engineering

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月4日

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  • Faezeh Modili,
  • Mojgan Zandi,
  • Farhid Farahmandghavi,
  • Mohamad Pezeshki-Modaress,
  • Mitra Hashemi Tabatabaei

摘要

Nerve injury is one of the most significant problems; that medical science has faced. In this study, Crocin was used as a neuroactive drug to improve and accelerate nerve regeneration. The drug was loaded into microparticles of polycaprolactone (PCL) using the double-emulsion and solvent evaporation method. The effects of different parameters such as the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in the first and second emulsions, drug loading, drug/polymer ratio, rotational speed, duration and the type of homogenizer on the mean particle size and drug loading efficiency were investigated. Based on the results, first and second emulsions with concentrations of PVA 0.5% and 1% w/v, homogenizer with a 24,500 rpm rotational speed and a drug concentration of 10% were chosen as the optimal conditions. The microparticles obtained had a spherical shape with a mean particle size of 3 μm as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and mouse fibroblast L929 culture results showed no toxicity. Incorporating Crocin-loaded particles into agar hydrogel reduced the burst release from 70 to 41% compared to Crocin-loaded particles alone. A rheology test showed that the agar hydrogel at 0.34% w/v containing microparticles exhibited a suitable storage modulus of approximately 1200 Pa making it appropriate for consideration in peripheral nerve diffusion.

Graphical Abstract