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<p>This study explored the potential of a natural riboflavin (vitamin B<sub>2</sub>) with antibiotic properties, aiming to enhance its efficacy by synthesizing inclusion complexes (ICs)&#xa0;with <i>β</i>-cyclodextrin (<i>β</i>-CD)&#xa0;for sustained release. The ICs were prepared using physical, microwave, and direct drug methods, which&#xa0;were incorporated into nanocomposites. pH-sensitive nanocomposites were synthesized using pectin (PC), pullulan (PL), and kaolinite (KaO). The formation of inclusion complexes was confirmed through various analytical techniques, including DSC, FE-SEM, NMR, FTIR, and PXRD. To optimize the reaction parameters, experimental conditions were refined using a response surface methodology design. FTIR, TGA, SEM, EDX, and XRD analyses were conducted to investigate nanocomposite formation. Drug release studies conducted at pH levels of 2, 7, and 7.4 at 38&#xa0;°C showed that the microwave method was the most effective for controlled release compared to the physical and direct drug release methods. The solubility of riboflavin was examined through phase solubility analysis, resulting in a characteristic A<sub>L</sub>-type curve, which indicates the formation of a 1:1 stoichiometric inclusion complex. Comparative analysis using five kinetic models showed that the zero-order, Ritger–Peppas, and Peppas–Sahlin models best fit the drug release kinetics under varying pH conditions. The exploratory kinetic study indicated that <i>β</i>-CD significantly impacts the drug release process by affecting polymer relaxation, leading to a slower release.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Sustained release of riboflavin/β-cyclodextrin encapsulated within nanocomposites composed of pectin, pullulan, and kaolinite optimized through experimental design

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月24日

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  • Komal Nandal,
  • Rajeev Jindal

摘要

This study explored the potential of a natural riboflavin (vitamin B2) with antibiotic properties, aiming to enhance its efficacy by synthesizing inclusion complexes (ICs) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) for sustained release. The ICs were prepared using physical, microwave, and direct drug methods, which were incorporated into nanocomposites. pH-sensitive nanocomposites were synthesized using pectin (PC), pullulan (PL), and kaolinite (KaO). The formation of inclusion complexes was confirmed through various analytical techniques, including DSC, FE-SEM, NMR, FTIR, and PXRD. To optimize the reaction parameters, experimental conditions were refined using a response surface methodology design. FTIR, TGA, SEM, EDX, and XRD analyses were conducted to investigate nanocomposite formation. Drug release studies conducted at pH levels of 2, 7, and 7.4 at 38 °C showed that the microwave method was the most effective for controlled release compared to the physical and direct drug release methods. The solubility of riboflavin was examined through phase solubility analysis, resulting in a characteristic AL-type curve, which indicates the formation of a 1:1 stoichiometric inclusion complex. Comparative analysis using five kinetic models showed that the zero-order, Ritger–Peppas, and Peppas–Sahlin models best fit the drug release kinetics under varying pH conditions. The exploratory kinetic study indicated that β-CD significantly impacts the drug release process by affecting polymer relaxation, leading to a slower release.

Graphical Abstract