<p>In the face of an impending global water crisis, underscored by exponential population growth and concomitant surge in water demand, the imperative of sustainable water management looms large. Industrial activities, which substantially contribute to water consumption, intensify the challenge through the proliferation of industrial wastewater laden with an array of contaminants. Among these, contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), including micropollutants and heavy metals, pose grave ecological and public health threats. The emergence of membrane bioreactors (MBRs) on the water treatment landscape offers a glimmer of hope, characterized by their ability to generate high-quality effluent and facilitate water reuse, while concurrently reducing the need for extensive secondary clarification. Notwithstanding the promise MBRs hold, formidable challenges, notably membrane fouling and operational costs, demand innovative solutions. Recent developments in materials science have explored the application of advanced materials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and nanoparticles, to mitigate membrane fouling, thereby augmenting MBR efficiency. Moreover, the nascent field of algal membrane bioreactors (AMBRs) demonstrates potential in nutrient removal and wastewater treatment. This review delves into the intricacies of polymeric membrane bio-reactors (PMBRs), promising to shed light on their mechanisms of action, operational sustainability, and transformative potential in water treatment, paving the way for a cleaner, safer, and more prosperous global community.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>