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<p>A series of natural rubber–halloysite nanotubes (NR–HNT) composite films were prepared by incorporating different weight percentages (10, 30, 50, and 70% by wt) of halloysite nanotubes (HNT) into natural rubber (NR). These films were then characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and used in the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to analyze the distribution of HNT on NR. At lower weight percentages, the HNT displayed excellent dispersion in NR–HNT films. At higher weight percentages of HNT, the abundant availability of HNT caused aggregation. MB adsorption studies showed that one 10% (by wt) NR–HNT film with 16&#xa0;mg·L<sup>−1</sup>&#xa0;MB at pH 9.7 and at 39&#xa0;°C displays the best adsorption. The experimental data successfully fitted type 1 pseudo-second-order. The NR and 50% (by wt) NR–HNT best fit Temkin isotherm while 10% (by wt) NR–HNT fits Langmuir isotherm. Finally, the 10% (by wt) NR–HNT can be reused up to 5 cycles and is able to both adsorb and desorb MB in comparison to HNT alone which is only able to adsorb the dye.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Natural rubber–halloysite nanotube films as effective adsorbents towards methylene blue: adsorption kinetics and isothermal studies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月5日

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  • Yee Chien Tan,
  • Noor Hana Hanif Abu Bakar,
  • Benjamin Tze-Wei Tan

摘要

A series of natural rubber–halloysite nanotubes (NR–HNT) composite films were prepared by incorporating different weight percentages (10, 30, 50, and 70% by wt) of halloysite nanotubes (HNT) into natural rubber (NR). These films were then characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and used in the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to analyze the distribution of HNT on NR. At lower weight percentages, the HNT displayed excellent dispersion in NR–HNT films. At higher weight percentages of HNT, the abundant availability of HNT caused aggregation. MB adsorption studies showed that one 10% (by wt) NR–HNT film with 16 mg·L−1 MB at pH 9.7 and at 39 °C displays the best adsorption. The experimental data successfully fitted type 1 pseudo-second-order. The NR and 50% (by wt) NR–HNT best fit Temkin isotherm while 10% (by wt) NR–HNT fits Langmuir isotherm. Finally, the 10% (by wt) NR–HNT can be reused up to 5 cycles and is able to both adsorb and desorb MB in comparison to HNT alone which is only able to adsorb the dye.

Graphical abstract