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<p>A modified tetrafunctional phenolic epoxy resin was synthesized by utilizing furfuraldehyde with partial substitution of 50% renewable alternatives such as cardanol and resorcinol. It represents a novel approach by the synthesis of conventional phenol and replacing toxic substances such as formaldehyde. The resin was synthesized through epoxidation using epichlorohydrin and cured with aromatic and aliphatic hardeners, including phenalkamine, low viscous phenalkamine, polyamide, and triethylenetetramine. Significant characterization was performed using techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), viscosity analysis (16,167 cP), epoxy equivalent weight (578&#xa0;g/eq), and average molecular weight (2420&#xa0;g/mol), confirming effective resin functionality. Composites were studied using SEM, FESEM, HRTEM, EDX-mapping, AFM, BET average pore diameter (1.27566e-01&#xa0;nm), XPS, and XRD to comprehend their microstructure, elemental distribution, and surface morphology. The resulting carbon fiber composites have excellent mechanical properties, with tensile strength ranging from 83.3 to 90.6&#xa0;MPa and flexural strength between 201.5 and 216.4&#xa0;MPa. By replacing conventional petrochemical-based chemicals with renewable resources, the findings advance the development of greener materials and contribute to developing a more sustainable future. Chemical resistance analysis showed no change in the weight of the composites in all chemical reagents, and significant thermal stability was observed with procedural decomposition temperatures ranging from 259 to 294&#xa0;°C. By demonstrating the potential of renewable phenols and the appropriate application of hardeners to enhance composite mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties, this study fills gaps in the technology of biobased resins.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Renewable resources based on tetrafunctional epoxy resin: synthesis, characterization and application in carbon fiber composites

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月16日

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  • Meet Patel,
  • Pragnesh Rathva,
  • Mahendrasinh Raj,
  • Lata Raj,
  • Mitali Yadav

摘要

A modified tetrafunctional phenolic epoxy resin was synthesized by utilizing furfuraldehyde with partial substitution of 50% renewable alternatives such as cardanol and resorcinol. It represents a novel approach by the synthesis of conventional phenol and replacing toxic substances such as formaldehyde. The resin was synthesized through epoxidation using epichlorohydrin and cured with aromatic and aliphatic hardeners, including phenalkamine, low viscous phenalkamine, polyamide, and triethylenetetramine. Significant characterization was performed using techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), viscosity analysis (16,167 cP), epoxy equivalent weight (578 g/eq), and average molecular weight (2420 g/mol), confirming effective resin functionality. Composites were studied using SEM, FESEM, HRTEM, EDX-mapping, AFM, BET average pore diameter (1.27566e-01 nm), XPS, and XRD to comprehend their microstructure, elemental distribution, and surface morphology. The resulting carbon fiber composites have excellent mechanical properties, with tensile strength ranging from 83.3 to 90.6 MPa and flexural strength between 201.5 and 216.4 MPa. By replacing conventional petrochemical-based chemicals with renewable resources, the findings advance the development of greener materials and contribute to developing a more sustainable future. Chemical resistance analysis showed no change in the weight of the composites in all chemical reagents, and significant thermal stability was observed with procedural decomposition temperatures ranging from 259 to 294 °C. By demonstrating the potential of renewable phenols and the appropriate application of hardeners to enhance composite mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties, this study fills gaps in the technology of biobased resins.

Graphical abstract