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<p>The present study explores an innovative approach to extract nanocellulose from <i>Cocos nucifera</i> shells using ultrasound-assisted extraction and acid hydrolysis methods, comparing yield, efficiency, chemical changes, thermal stability, crystallinity, and morphologic properties. Various&#xa0;analytical techniques, including ATR-FTIR, TGA, XRD, FESEM, and TEM, were employed to evaluate each method. Optimization of ultrasonication and acid hydrolysis parameters such as amplitude power, sonication time, acid concentration, and reaction duration was conducted. Nanocellulose produced via ultrasonication at 70% amplitude exhibited a spherical shape with an average particle size of 2.51&#xa0;nm, similar to acid-hydrolyzed nanocellulose (ANC) obtained using 65% sulfuric acid. Ultrasound-assisted nanocellulose (UNC) demonstrated enhanced thermal stability, while ANC achieved a higher crystallinity index, reaching 72.1% compared to 67.5% for UNC. In addition, this study is among the first to directly compare the adsorption capabilities of nanocellulose extracted by ultrasound and acid hydrolysis for methylene blue (MB) dye removal, addressing a critical need in industrial wastewater treatment. UNC achieved 96.88% MB removal efficiency, approximately 6% higher than ANC. Overall, the findings highlight the effectiveness of ultrasound-assisted extraction in producing nanocellulose with high surface area and strong adsorption properties, paving the way for a greener&#xa0;and more efficient alternative to conventional acid hydrolysis in nanocellulose production and wastewater treatment.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Comparative analysis of nanocellulose extraction from Cocos nucifera shell by ultrasonication versus acid hydrolysis for methylene blue dye removal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月11日

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  • Fatimah Azzahra’ Che Saupi,
  • Nor Saadah Mohd Yusof,
  • Vetrimurugan Rajagopal,
  • Nor Mas Mira Abd Rahman

摘要

The present study explores an innovative approach to extract nanocellulose from Cocos nucifera shells using ultrasound-assisted extraction and acid hydrolysis methods, comparing yield, efficiency, chemical changes, thermal stability, crystallinity, and morphologic properties. Various analytical techniques, including ATR-FTIR, TGA, XRD, FESEM, and TEM, were employed to evaluate each method. Optimization of ultrasonication and acid hydrolysis parameters such as amplitude power, sonication time, acid concentration, and reaction duration was conducted. Nanocellulose produced via ultrasonication at 70% amplitude exhibited a spherical shape with an average particle size of 2.51 nm, similar to acid-hydrolyzed nanocellulose (ANC) obtained using 65% sulfuric acid. Ultrasound-assisted nanocellulose (UNC) demonstrated enhanced thermal stability, while ANC achieved a higher crystallinity index, reaching 72.1% compared to 67.5% for UNC. In addition, this study is among the first to directly compare the adsorption capabilities of nanocellulose extracted by ultrasound and acid hydrolysis for methylene blue (MB) dye removal, addressing a critical need in industrial wastewater treatment. UNC achieved 96.88% MB removal efficiency, approximately 6% higher than ANC. Overall, the findings highlight the effectiveness of ultrasound-assisted extraction in producing nanocellulose with high surface area and strong adsorption properties, paving the way for a greener and more efficient alternative to conventional acid hydrolysis in nanocellulose production and wastewater treatment.

Graphical abstract