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Objectives <p>This systematic review sought to synthetize all the evidence about the relationship between olfactory function and overweight/obesity, and cognitive performance or brain structure.</p> Methods <p>We conducted a systematic review following the PRIMA methodology. PubMed and Embase were consulted up to January 2024. The articles considered eligible were those that included one group of subjects with overweight or obesity, and that performed at least one olfactory or imaging test to study olfactory function. To further understand the impact of obesity on olfaction, interventional studies focused on bariatric surgery were included.</p> Results <p>The initial database search identified a total of 11,311 studies. Thirty studies with a total of 2482 participants were selected. Twenty-one assessed olfactory function with no intervention, among these four included cognitive assessment or brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Additionally, we found nine papers that offered insight into the effect of bariatric surgery on olfaction. Fourteen of the non-interventional studies showed impaired smell capacity in individuals with high weight. Six bariatric surgery studies reported significant postoperative improvement in olfaction. Moreover, two studies measured olfactory bulb volume (OBV) and found a significant correlation between body mass index (BMI) and OBV.</p> Conclusions <p>Available evidence suggests that there is a relationship between olfaction and overweight/obesity, which points toward olfactory impairment in this population. OBV studies remain discordant, while the findings support the idea that high BMI and hyposmia have a negative impact on cognition. However, the data are heterogeneous. Future research is needed to further understand this possible connection.</p>

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Obesity, Olfaction and Cognition: A Systematic Review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月26日

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  • Lilian Benítez-Ruiz,
  • Carolina Gutiérrez Repiso,
  • Francisco J. Tinahones,
  • Natalia García-Casares

摘要

Objectives

This systematic review sought to synthetize all the evidence about the relationship between olfactory function and overweight/obesity, and cognitive performance or brain structure.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review following the PRIMA methodology. PubMed and Embase were consulted up to January 2024. The articles considered eligible were those that included one group of subjects with overweight or obesity, and that performed at least one olfactory or imaging test to study olfactory function. To further understand the impact of obesity on olfaction, interventional studies focused on bariatric surgery were included.

Results

The initial database search identified a total of 11,311 studies. Thirty studies with a total of 2482 participants were selected. Twenty-one assessed olfactory function with no intervention, among these four included cognitive assessment or brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Additionally, we found nine papers that offered insight into the effect of bariatric surgery on olfaction. Fourteen of the non-interventional studies showed impaired smell capacity in individuals with high weight. Six bariatric surgery studies reported significant postoperative improvement in olfaction. Moreover, two studies measured olfactory bulb volume (OBV) and found a significant correlation between body mass index (BMI) and OBV.

Conclusions

Available evidence suggests that there is a relationship between olfaction and overweight/obesity, which points toward olfactory impairment in this population. OBV studies remain discordant, while the findings support the idea that high BMI and hyposmia have a negative impact on cognition. However, the data are heterogeneous. Future research is needed to further understand this possible connection.