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Purpose of Review <p>Müllerian duct anomalies (MDAs) are congenital malformations of the uterus, cervix, and vagina that are frequently underdiagnosed or misclassified due to inconsistent terminology and diagnostic criteria. This review outlines current best practices in the diagnosis and classifying of MDAs, with emphasis on the role of accurate imaging and interdisciplinary collaboration.</p> Recent Findings <p>The American Society for Reproductive Medicine’s 2021 Müllerian Anomalies Classification (MAC 2021) introduces a simplified, clinically focused approach to categorizing anomalies by uterine, cervical, and vaginal origin, while acknowledging overlap between categories. The classification includes visual diagrams and educational tools to support diagnostic consistency. Accurate interpretation of three-dimensional ultrasound and MRI is essential for delineating internal and external uterine contours and improving diagnostic precision.</p> Summary <p>Thorough understanding of MDA subtypes and imaging findings is critical for accurate diagnosis and effective patient counseling. Multidisciplinary collaboration, including pediatric and radiologic input when appropriate, enhances diagnostic accuracy and care planning. Diagnosis during pregnancy should be avoided due to physiologic changes in uterine anatomy that may obscure key findings.</p>

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Diagnosis and Classification of Müllerian Anomalies: A Clinical Update

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月7日

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  • John B. Maxwell IV,
  • Liaisan Uzianbaeva,
  • Zaraq Khan,
  • Michael F. Neblett II

摘要

Purpose of Review

Müllerian duct anomalies (MDAs) are congenital malformations of the uterus, cervix, and vagina that are frequently underdiagnosed or misclassified due to inconsistent terminology and diagnostic criteria. This review outlines current best practices in the diagnosis and classifying of MDAs, with emphasis on the role of accurate imaging and interdisciplinary collaboration.

Recent Findings

The American Society for Reproductive Medicine’s 2021 Müllerian Anomalies Classification (MAC 2021) introduces a simplified, clinically focused approach to categorizing anomalies by uterine, cervical, and vaginal origin, while acknowledging overlap between categories. The classification includes visual diagrams and educational tools to support diagnostic consistency. Accurate interpretation of three-dimensional ultrasound and MRI is essential for delineating internal and external uterine contours and improving diagnostic precision.

Summary

Thorough understanding of MDA subtypes and imaging findings is critical for accurate diagnosis and effective patient counseling. Multidisciplinary collaboration, including pediatric and radiologic input when appropriate, enhances diagnostic accuracy and care planning. Diagnosis during pregnancy should be avoided due to physiologic changes in uterine anatomy that may obscure key findings.