Purpose of Review <p>This review aims to elucidate the complex relationship between aging and obesity, clarify the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction, and highlight the critical role of obesity as a major risk factor for chronic metabolic diseases. Aging is a growing global concern, and obesity in the elderly has profound implications for health and imposes a significant long-term burden on healthcare systems. Obesity impairs mitochondrial function, increasing the risk of sarcopenic obesity and a range of chronic conditions, including diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, thyroid dysfunction, and neurodegenerative disorders. This review seeks to comprehensively assess the bidirectional relationship between aging and obesity, providing novel insights for future research.</p> Recent Findings <p>Emerging evidence suggests that obesity may accelerate the aging process, and that aging and obesity-related metabolic diseases mutually exacerbate the development of chronic conditions, leading to substantial health risks.</p> Summary <p>A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction in the context of aging and obesity is essential to clarify their adverse effects on elderly health. Furthermore, developing comprehensive preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting these conditions is critical for improving outcomes in the aging population.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>