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Purpose of Review <p>This paper comprehensively examines the evolution of OSA screening tools from 1991 to 2025 and evaluates their clinical applicability.</p> Recent Findings <p>Thirty-one screening tools have been developed over the last three decades (from the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) in the 1990’s to the General Practice Sleep Scale (GPSS) in 2025), varying in their structure, population base, and diagnostic thresholds. Earlier tools primarily targeted high-risk, clinic-based cohorts, while newer tools attempt to address limitations in sensitivity, inclusivity, and usability in general practice and community settings. Variability in definitions (<i>e.g.</i> Apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) thresholds, symptom scoring) and population characteristics (<i>e.g.</i> age, sex, ethnicity, comorbidities) impacts the performance and generalisability of existing tools.</p> Summary <p>No single OSA screening tool is universally applicable across diverse populations. While newer tools like the GPSS show promise by addressing demographic and clinical diversity, further validation in international and ethnically varied cohorts is needed.</p>

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From ESS to GPSS: Innovations in OSA Screening Tools Across Three Decades -A Comprehensive Update of Thirty-one Screening Questionnaires

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月7日

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  • Timothy Howarth,
  • Thomas Hallworth,
  • Hsin-Chia Carol Huang,
  • Anil Roy,
  • Helmi Ben Saad,
  • Himanshu Garg,
  • Ahmed BaHammam,
  • Subash S. Heraganahally

摘要

Purpose of Review

This paper comprehensively examines the evolution of OSA screening tools from 1991 to 2025 and evaluates their clinical applicability.

Recent Findings

Thirty-one screening tools have been developed over the last three decades (from the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) in the 1990’s to the General Practice Sleep Scale (GPSS) in 2025), varying in their structure, population base, and diagnostic thresholds. Earlier tools primarily targeted high-risk, clinic-based cohorts, while newer tools attempt to address limitations in sensitivity, inclusivity, and usability in general practice and community settings. Variability in definitions (e.g. Apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) thresholds, symptom scoring) and population characteristics (e.g. age, sex, ethnicity, comorbidities) impacts the performance and generalisability of existing tools.

Summary

No single OSA screening tool is universally applicable across diverse populations. While newer tools like the GPSS show promise by addressing demographic and clinical diversity, further validation in international and ethnically varied cohorts is needed.