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<p>Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) presents a promising approach for fabricating large-scale nickel-based alloy components with reduced manufacturing times and costs. This study demonstrates, for the first time to the authors’ knowledge, the effective mitigation of crystallographic texture and mechanical anisotropy in WAAM-fabricated Inconel 625 through combined post-build thermomechanical processing involving precisely controlled rolling strains and high-temperature annealing. As-built walls, produced via a cold metal transfer (CMT) WAAM process using 1.2&#xa0;mm diameter wire, exhibited a strong columnar grain texture aligned with the build direction, driving pronounced anisotropic mechanical behaviour. The novel application of warm rolling at 25% and 40% true strains followed by vacuum annealing at temperatures up to 1050&#xa0;°C enabled complete recrystallisation and randomised grain orientations, eliminating anisotropy while preserving strength and significantly enhancing ductility. Advanced nondestructive techniques, resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) and time-of-flight (TOF) measurements, validated the effective homogenisation of elastic constants post-treatment, confirming near-isotropic elastic behaviour. These findings establish a robust and scalable post-build strategy to tailor the microstructure and mechanical properties of WAAM-fabricated Inconel 625, advancing its structural applicability.</p>

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Post-build Thermomechanical Processing of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Inconel 625 for Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Texture Reduction

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月23日

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  • Santhosh Velmurugan,
  • Krishnaveni Anbalagan,
  • Jebakani Devaraj,
  • Sathiesh Kumar Nagaraj

摘要

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) presents a promising approach for fabricating large-scale nickel-based alloy components with reduced manufacturing times and costs. This study demonstrates, for the first time to the authors’ knowledge, the effective mitigation of crystallographic texture and mechanical anisotropy in WAAM-fabricated Inconel 625 through combined post-build thermomechanical processing involving precisely controlled rolling strains and high-temperature annealing. As-built walls, produced via a cold metal transfer (CMT) WAAM process using 1.2 mm diameter wire, exhibited a strong columnar grain texture aligned with the build direction, driving pronounced anisotropic mechanical behaviour. The novel application of warm rolling at 25% and 40% true strains followed by vacuum annealing at temperatures up to 1050 °C enabled complete recrystallisation and randomised grain orientations, eliminating anisotropy while preserving strength and significantly enhancing ductility. Advanced nondestructive techniques, resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) and time-of-flight (TOF) measurements, validated the effective homogenisation of elastic constants post-treatment, confirming near-isotropic elastic behaviour. These findings establish a robust and scalable post-build strategy to tailor the microstructure and mechanical properties of WAAM-fabricated Inconel 625, advancing its structural applicability.