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<p>This study systematically examines the influence of quenching and tempering parameters on the microstructure, hardness, and impact toughness of SKD61 hot-work tool steel. Specimens were quenched at 1030&#xa0;°C, 1050&#xa0;°C, and 1080&#xa0;°C, followed by tempering within the range of 520–600&#xa0;°C. Microstructural changes were characterized using optical microscopy, while mechanical properties were assessed via standardized hardness and impact toughness tests. Polynomial regression models based on response surface methodology quantified the effects of heat treatment parameters, achieving high coefficients of determination (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9447 for hardness and R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9108 for toughness). The results indicate that increasing quenching temperature enhances hardness, whereas intermediate tempering achieves an optimal hardness–toughness balance. The optimal heat treatment—quenching at 1080&#xa0;°C and tempering at 540&#xa0;°C—produced a hardness of 57.67 HRC and an impact toughness of 5 J, corresponding to a tempered martensitic microstructure containing retained austenite and finely dispersed carbides. Furthermore, a practical processing window was established, enabling hardness of 54–56 HRC and toughness above 4 J, providing guidance for the design and manufacture of high-performance hot-work tooling.</p>

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Effect of Heat Treatment Parameters on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of SKD61 Hot-Work Tool Steel: A Regression-Based Multi-Response Optimization for Balancing Hardness and Toughness

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月9日

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  • Phap-Dong Tran,
  • Duong-Nam Nguyen,
  • Duc-Toan Nguyen

摘要

This study systematically examines the influence of quenching and tempering parameters on the microstructure, hardness, and impact toughness of SKD61 hot-work tool steel. Specimens were quenched at 1030 °C, 1050 °C, and 1080 °C, followed by tempering within the range of 520–600 °C. Microstructural changes were characterized using optical microscopy, while mechanical properties were assessed via standardized hardness and impact toughness tests. Polynomial regression models based on response surface methodology quantified the effects of heat treatment parameters, achieving high coefficients of determination (R2 = 0.9447 for hardness and R2 = 0.9108 for toughness). The results indicate that increasing quenching temperature enhances hardness, whereas intermediate tempering achieves an optimal hardness–toughness balance. The optimal heat treatment—quenching at 1080 °C and tempering at 540 °C—produced a hardness of 57.67 HRC and an impact toughness of 5 J, corresponding to a tempered martensitic microstructure containing retained austenite and finely dispersed carbides. Furthermore, a practical processing window was established, enabling hardness of 54–56 HRC and toughness above 4 J, providing guidance for the design and manufacture of high-performance hot-work tooling.