Characterization of Carbides in Argon-Shielded Arc-DED Fabricated Haynes 230
摘要
Haynes 230 is a nickel-based superalloy strengthened by carbides. It exhibits remarkable properties for usage in high temperature and chemically corrosive environments, such as heat exchangers and thrust chambers of rocket engines. Arc-directed energy deposition (DED) is an emerging additive manufacturing process which provides advantages of rapid deposition with minimum material wastage and moderate dimensional precision. In the current study, Haynes 230 superalloy samples were fabricated through arc-DED process employing Argon as the shielding gas and adopting a two-parallel-bead bilateral scan strategy. Since carbides are the primary strengthening phases for the alloy, a detailed characterization of both the feedstock and the printed samples was carried out to examine the nature, size and area fraction of carbides which evolved during the arc-DED process and their impact on mechanical properties. Due to the unique thermal cycling inherent to the arc-DED process, the evolved carbides significantly differed from those in the feedstock, as analyzed through scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry. Standard solution annealing of the feedstock and arc-DED samples did not result in complete dissolution of the carbides; however, it did reduce their sizes in the feedstock and led to the reformation of tungsten-rich primary carbides from the tungsten-chromium-rich compound carbides in the arc-DED samples. Since, formation of compound carbides is associated with localized chromium depletion from the matrix, solution annealing becomes a much-recommended fabrication process for arc-DED-fabricated Haynes 230, to restore chromium back to the matrix, thereby enhancing the corrosion resistance of the printed alloy.