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<p>This study examines the improvements in microstructure and hardness of Ti-6Al-4V alloys reinforced with 5 wt% TiN and TiB₂. These ceramic reinforcements were incorporated through spark plasma sintering (SPS). Adding Cr and Ni significantly refines the β-phase microstructure and stabilizes its distribution. Meanwhile, TiN particles serve as effective nucleation sites, and the in situ TiB₂ whiskers help pin grain boundaries, promoting dynamic recrystallization. EBSD analysis shows a marked reduction in grain size, decreasing from 8.91&#xa0;μm in the unreinforced alloy to 5.27&#xa0;μm in the composite. This analysis also reveals a weak crystallographic texture and a predominance of low-angle grain boundaries, indicative of sub-grain formation. The combined effects of grain boundary refinement, dispersion strengthening from TiN and TiB₂ particles, and β-phase stabilization through the addition of Cr and Ni lead to a significant increase in hardness, rising from 353 HV<sub>0.2</sub> in the matrix alloy to 592 HV<sub>0.2</sub> in the composite.</p>

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Microstructural Characterization of Ceramic-Reinforced Ti–6Al–4V Alloys using SEM, EDS Mapping, and EBSD Techniques

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月5日

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  • Oluwasegun Falodun,
  • Olukayode Akinwamide,
  • Samuel Oke,
  • Michael Bodunrin

摘要

This study examines the improvements in microstructure and hardness of Ti-6Al-4V alloys reinforced with 5 wt% TiN and TiB₂. These ceramic reinforcements were incorporated through spark plasma sintering (SPS). Adding Cr and Ni significantly refines the β-phase microstructure and stabilizes its distribution. Meanwhile, TiN particles serve as effective nucleation sites, and the in situ TiB₂ whiskers help pin grain boundaries, promoting dynamic recrystallization. EBSD analysis shows a marked reduction in grain size, decreasing from 8.91 μm in the unreinforced alloy to 5.27 μm in the composite. This analysis also reveals a weak crystallographic texture and a predominance of low-angle grain boundaries, indicative of sub-grain formation. The combined effects of grain boundary refinement, dispersion strengthening from TiN and TiB₂ particles, and β-phase stabilization through the addition of Cr and Ni lead to a significant increase in hardness, rising from 353 HV0.2 in the matrix alloy to 592 HV0.2 in the composite.